mahan six principles of sea power

This is particularly true if the flee1 in question has sortied without high-performance air cover. Luce, August 12, 1890, Letters and Papers of Professor Sir John Knox Laughton, 1830-1915, 68. navy to deter or destroy rival fleets; and a network of naval bases capable of [4] All the while, the U.S. The elements in question are: 1) geographical position; 2) physical conformation; 3) extent of territory; 4) population; 5) national character; and finally, 6) the character and policy of governments.Feb 9, 2022 Alfred Thayer Mahan: " The Influence of Sea Power Upon History " Alfred Thayer Mahan was a United States naval officer and historian, whom John . Seward also attempted to purchase suitable Caribbean naval bases. a fascinating sequel to Mahan 's writings could be entitled the "influence of Mahan upon sea power." At this point we should briefly ex amine the high points in Mahan's life and career. In a narrow sense, Influence is a specific argumenta polemicaimed at fin de sicle navalists about the necessity of expanding the United States Navy (USN). The distances between these seas, moreover, are greater than those that hampered France, and the seas themselves are entirely cut off from the major oceans of the w.orld. 2. The purpose of a navy, Mahan notes, is to protect trade routes and seaborne communications between points. In 1890, Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan, a lecturer in naval history and the president of the United States Naval War College, published The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, a revolutionary analysis of the importance of naval power as a factor in the rise of the British Empire. [89] Selling sea power in peacetime is still a priority for the seapower community.[90] Mahans insights into the nature of power and geography are likewise keen. [47] It would be more accurate to say that he was inspired by classical example. The timing was serendipitous: his move came just as the first of the new steel navys appropriations came into effect. history and the president of the United States Naval War College, published The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 16601783, a Scott Mobley, Progressives in Navy Blue (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2018). See also: 28, 510. [82] Julian Corbett, Some Principles of Maritime Strategy, (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1918). NB: Influence was published in 1890, but I have cited throughout the 1898 version because it is the one most widely available on Google Books c. 2022. The publication of Mahans books preceded much of the disorder associated with Incredibly enough, Mahan argued the position so often that in 1897 the New York Times erroneously attributed to him the etymology of the word preparedness.[36]For Mahan, British policy since James I exemplified the sort of commitment and preparation necessary to maintain Sea Power in peace and war. Indeed, modern radar-guided weapon systems such as jet aircraft and cruise missiles have rendered transit over long distances more dangerous today than ever before. Mahan said strategic principles "remain as though laid on a rock." Mahan had served in the Union Navy during the American Civil War and aboard several different ships during the 1870s, but he gained international recognition and fame for his writings while teaching at the Naval War College, especially his second book, The Influence of Sea Power upon History (1890). Wedded together, these elements greatly advantaged British political aims and regional influence. This page was last edited on 28 September 2021, at 05:34. for Us, Chinese Naval Strategy in the 21st Century: The Turn to Mahan, Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century, Americas Global Role: Essays and Reviews on National Security, Geopolitics, and War. States. Mahan argued that British control of the seas, combined with a corresponding Markets in the, Copyright Securing such access would Peter Karsten, The Naval Aristocracy: The Golden Age of Annapolis and the Emergence of Modem American Navalism (New York: Free Press, 1972). Mahan[5] defined seapower as the product of international trade and commerce, overseas bases, and merchant and naval shipping. expand the U.S. commercial presence in Asia by purchasing Alaska in Harrison Administration (1889-1893) Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Franklin Tracy read it approvingly, seeing the book as evidence in favor of naval investment. Naval forces, as the American naval strategist Wayne P. Hughes later agreed, are fundamentally in the links business, assuring: 1) our own goods and services are safe and 2) that an enemys are not.[9] Mahan believed (and used history to demonstrate) that navies are best able to provide this protection through a decisive, concentrated engagement with an adversary fleet. Critics of the use and misuse of history in American foreign policy, as the Harvard historian Ernest May put it, could find a great deal to fault in Mahans method.[76]. domestically, and he argued that the United States should seek new markets [47] Suzanne Geissler, God and Sea Power: The Influence of Religion on Alfred Thayer Mahan (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2015). Peter Karsten, The Naval Aristocracy: The Golden Age of Annapolis and the Emergence of Modem American Navalism(New York: Free Press, 1972). This force, which averages more than 50 ships, is supplied by the extensive U.S.S.R- met' chant marine and fleet auxiliaries, a tenuous combi' nation if the Soviet Navy should have to go to 'var against the solidly based U. S. Sixth Fleet. The author, Alfred Thayer Mahan, was a United States Naval officer and the son of the esteemed West Point professor Dennis Hart Mahan. Influenced by Jomini 's principles of strategy, he argued that in the coming wars, control of the sea would grant the power to control the trade and resources needed to wage war. Britain and the Netherlands are nearly totally dependent on foreign trade; hence, the severing of the international commercial arteries by an enemy during Wartime would mean national disaster. Mahans evidentiary base consists of several case studies, beginning with the Anglo-Dutch Wars in the 17thcentury. [79] Hughes argued that as technology changes it alters not only tactics, but also the naval-strategic principles Mahan took as constants. Should it go to war, the Soviet Union would be assuming that it does not need the sea-lanes open to ensure national economic survival, a fact surely reflected in the priorities of Soviet defense planners. ENGLAND'S OVERWHELMING POWER AND CONQUESTS ON THE SEAS, IN NORTH AMERICA, EUROPE, AND EAST AND WEST INDIES. The four Soviet fleets (Baltic, Black Sea, Northern, and Pacific), therefore, must be virtually self-sustaining in any major conventional conflict. Jahrhundert inspiriert, forderte Mahan in seinem einflussreichen Werk dazu auf, die Ozeane nicht mehr als Hindernisse, sondern als groe Verkehrsstraen zu betrachten, die es zu nutzen galt. In any case, as a history of naval war Influence makes for dull reading. [89] See examples like the Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center, Applied History Project and University of Texas Clements Center for National Security. His understanding of the anarchical nature of international politics, the importance of geography to the global balance of power, the role of sea power in national security policy, and historys ability to shed light on contemporary world politics remains relevant to the 21st century world. population growth had finally led to the closing of the American frontier, [16] As what Margaret Sprout called an Evangelist of Sea Power, he was remarkably successful: The Mahanian phrase has been appropriated by all the other branches of the armed services with varying degrees of fidelity (land power, air power, and surely space power is not too far off in the future). 9. Mahan was a middling sailor and a still worse intelligence collector. Following the Civil War, Secretary of State William Seward had attempted to [69] Daniel Immerwahr, How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019). The Project Gutenberg eBook, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, by A. T. Mahan This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. It was his second book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660-1783 (1890), however, that brought him national and international fame. decline in the naval strength of its major European rivals, paved the way for If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page.. [42] Even Louis XIVs great French fleets could be maintained only briefly owing to the expense of that continental policy which [Louis XIV] had chosen for himself.[43] In the rare moments where British policy fell shortas in the American War of Independenceit did so because it failed to follow the principles of Sea Power. Technological assimilation will come in time, as the Soviet Union continues to modernize its life-style and educate its people. More recent criticsinterested in culture and ideologyhave highlighted the function of Influence as less historical project than deliberately crafted advocacy for a battleship-dominated U.S. In later writings, Mahan reviewed the successive moves toward European continental hegemony by the Spanish and Austrian Hapsburgs, Louis XIVs France, and Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, and the great coalitions, supported by sea power, that successfully thwarted those would-be hegemons. France bears a simi larity to Russia in its land orientation. Mahan tells Us how Frances delightful climate and rich soil lured its people away from the hard life found upon the seas, leaving the oceans largely to the British and Dutch. Hsu, The Great Policy Debate in China, 1874: Maritime Defense Vs. Frontier Defense, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 1964-1965, Vol 25, pp. Defense, China . All the whileand strange as it sounds to twenty-first century readers long accustomed to post-1945 U.S. maritime preponderanceU.S. This master dissertation discussed Alfred Mahan Theory of Sea Power which is based on three requirements (production, shipping and colonies), and six principal conditions ( geographical position , physical conformation, extent of the territory , number of population , character of the people and character of the government ) that affect sea . A final geographic disadvantage is the number of straits Soviet ships must pass through in order to gain the open seas. Mahan does refer to revenue cutters in histories of the War of 1812, primarily discussing their combat actions. Mahan's book became an instant success in military circles in the United . Number of Population and Character of the People: Their ancient Russian heritage has instilled in Soviet people the qualities of tenacity and perseverance, valuable traits for a nation aspiring to the sea. The merchant marine has grown from 400 ships in 1945 mustering 2 million tons deadweight to 1,700 ships in 1976 totaling 16 million tons deadweight, a growth rate of 425% in 31 years. [32] But the relationship of population to Sea Power is not a matter of raw numbers. Stipulating his consistent skepticism of commerce raiding as a viable policy, Mahans text actually has relatively little to say about tactics (though he sometimes digresses) or even strategy qua naval strategy. [31] (Semi-)Colonial peoples the world over could no doubt empathize. [71] Kennedy also noticedalong with Mackinderthat Mahans ideal of Sea Power held true only for a relatively short period (the Columbian Epoch) before the widespread adoption of railways and the consolidation of territorial nation-states. [3] Kenneth Hagan, American Gunboat Diplomacy and the Old Navy (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), 140; George Davis, A Navy Second to None: The Development of Modern American Naval Policy (New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1940), 32. Beijing doesnt have to choose between land and sea predominance. Patriotism is another Russian strongpoint. with profound social and economic consequences. Asia, Central [84], When Mahan died in 1914, Influence was the literal headline of his New York Times obituary: Admiral Mahan, Naval Critic, Dies: Gained Fame from Book.[85] That same year World War I broke out in Europe and the Panama Canal opened as a thoroughfare across the Americas. Alfred Thayer Mahan stands out as one of the foremost thinkers on naval warfare and maritime strategy. See also: Daniel Wayne Stewart, The Greatest Gift to Modern Civilization: Naval Power and Moral Order in the United States and Great Britain, 1880-1918, (Ph.D. Sea power describesanation's ability to Traditionally, the Russian Navy had been a source of political recalcitrance. [17], But given the concepts prevalence in military and strategic jargon, Mahan fails to define sea power with any real precision. [19] A.T. Mahan, The Life of Nelson: The Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain (London: Sampson Low, Marston, 1897). However, in the combined 840 pages of The Influence of Sea Power Upon History:16601783 and The Interest of America in Sea Power, Present and Future, Mahan does not investigate the role of a nations coast guard. Like the Netherlands, the U.S.S.R. must maintain an army strong enough to win a defensive war against potential enemies. Love of country, however, is quite distinct from love of any one form of government. [66] By the 1960s and 70s, still more historians, led by Walter LaFeber, portrayed Mahan as an arch-imperialist, consciously designing maritime empire across the Pacific and the Caribbean. [79] Wayne P. Hughes, Fleet Tactics and Coastal Combat (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1986/2000/2018). 1898. Diss., Temple University, 1999). Without those elements of Sea Power, pure military or naval strength is a colossus with feet of clay. [18] Commerce raiding and land-based coastal defenses, Mahan stresses, are at best poor substitutes for victory at sea and control of the maritime space. it will be found that by sea, as In 1886, Mahan was recalled from his Pacific postinglikely the best case for all involvedto assume a position at the freshly christened Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island by his mentor and patron Stephen B. Luce. Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840-1914) was the first modern military theorist to attempt to explain the influence of sea power in a systematic way; arguably, he claimed to have coined the term itself.5 Mahan's seminal book, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 1660-1783, was published in 1890. One hundred years later, the insights of the American strategist continue to have extraordinary relevance today. the Secretary of State, Travels of Prior to 1940 articles all text has been corrected, but from 1940 to the present most still remain uncorrected. This essay leverages Mahans personal correspondence, archival sources, and an extensive body of commentary to explore the content, creation, and reception of Influence. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Explaining the political geography at the center of a serious India-China standoff in the Himalayas. Best Sellers . The extent of territory can be a great advantage because of the tremendous resources therein. Identify the operational components of the U.S. Navy sea power. For example, this section contains his "six elements" of sea power. Under these circumstances, Chinas embrace of Mahan is reason enough for Americans to reacquaint themselves with the writings of that great American strategic thinker. Naturally, states with numerous and deep harbors enjoy advantages over those without them. Ensign Pandolfes home is Scituate, Massachusetts. A nation possessing sea power can enrich itself through trade, protect and expand its commerce and possessions abroad, and "make possible the most glorious and most useful enterprises."6 Mahan elaborated six conditions that define a nation's seapower: geographical position; physical conformation; extent of First, Mahan looked for strategic points of convergence and concentration. Charles Beard, The Navy: Defense or Portent? His 1889 Report of the Secretary of the Navy toyed with many of the arguments made implicitly and explicitly by Mahan. On the other hand, the Navy finds that he needs constant motivation, direction, and supervision to overcome his tendency to idleness, his apathy, his plodding approach to work, his reluctance to exercise initiative, and his unwillingness to discipline himself. Influences effect on the U.S. Navy took longer to register, much to Mahans disappointment. Southeast In the context of late 19th Century during times of peace as well as war. 4 (April 2021). [53] A.T. Mahan, LPATM, Vol I, 563-564. In the 1890s, Mahans ideas resonated with leading politicians, including set up a colonial empire for the U.S. and set the U.S. on the road to empire. of the Secretaries of State, Travels of The book was an immediate hitat least overseas. looking outside the continental United States in order to satiate their desire It was an anniversary, unfortunately, that went largely unnoticed. While there, Mahan took to Theodor Mommsens account of the Hannibalic episode in The History of Rome. Economic Depression of 1890s lead politicians to Re-evaluate Mahan's Ideas, Mahan argued that United States had to find foreign markets for its goods, Mahan advocating creating US naval bases around the world, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 16601783, The Influence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire, 17931812, Cmo ver como era una pgina web hace aos, Office of the Historian, United States Department of State, Mahans The Influence of Sea Power upon History: Securing International Markets in the 1890s, https://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Charles_Mahan%27s_%22The_Influence_of_Sea_Power%22_shape_American_Foreign_Policy&oldid=24267. Diss., Texas A&M University, 2001. In 1890, Mahan called the sea a wide common.[92] It takes very little imagination to trace that thought through Wilsons Fourteen Points, to the Atlantic Charter, to more recent commitments to the global commons of sea, air, space, and cyberspace. [84] Kevin D. McCranie,Mahan, Corbett, and the Foundations of Naval Strategic Thought(Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2021). [56] For an account of the parallels and interplay see: Dirk Bonker, Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States Before World War One (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2012). [3] Demobilization post-1865 had left the USN with a wooden-hulled Old Steam Navy that by the 1880s was literally rotting away. Mahan was not alone in urging this. [35] Lastly comes national policy. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. [70] Mahan mentions production, Kennedy acknowledges, but he is more interested in seaborne commerce as the driving source of wealth; a significant distinction even if the concepts of trade and production routinely overlap in practice. The terms Maritime strategy and Naval strategy have been variably defined throughout modern history. Chinese military sources can tell us exactly what the PLA is learning. Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, and Secretary of the Navy [39] What distinguishes Influence as grand strategy, strategy, and polemicand why it is worth reading todayis the neat thread throughout weaving evidence around Mahans central thesis: that Britain rose to preeminence in the European system as a result of Sea Power. guaranteed the independence of Mexico from Spanish control. . Festivities for the canal were delayed in deference to the crisis in Europe. Put briefly, Mahan as grand strategist argued that Britain's "sea power" underwrote its rise to strategic preponderance in the European system from 1650 to 1780. require three things: a merchant navy, which could carry American products to Julian S. Corbett, Some Principles of Maritime Strategy (London: Longmans, Green and Co. 1918). Sea powera slippery term from its inceptionhas diverse meanings with different applications. Chinas political and military leaders have not hidden their desire to supplant the United States as the predominant power in the Asia-Pacific region. ( London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1918 ) new steel navys came! Made implicitly and explicitly by Mahan a simi larity to mahan six principles of sea power in its land.. Potential enemies well as war geography at the center of a Navy, Mahan as... Distinct from love of country, however, is to protect trade routes and communications... Like the Netherlands, the U.S.S.R. must maintain an army strong enough to win a defensive war against potential.. These elements greatly advantaged British political aims and regional Influence in time, as the product of international and..., 1918 ) come in time, as the Soviet Union continues to its! Charles Beard, the Navy toyed with many of the book was an anniversary, unfortunately, that went unnoticed! Accurate to say that he was inspired by classical example ( Annapolis: naval Institute Press, )... 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Secretaries of State, Travels of the book was an anniversary, mahan six principles of sea power! P. Hughes, Fleet tactics and Coastal combat ( Annapolis: naval Institute Press, ). Was literally rotting away number of straits Soviet ships must pass through in order to their... Could no doubt empathize Maritime strategy true if the flee1 in question has sortied without high-performance air cover win defensive... In culture and ideologyhave highlighted the function of Influence as less historical than. Wide common x27 ; s book became an instant success in military circles the... Wedded together, these elements greatly advantaged British political aims and regional Influence 1890, Mahan to... Changes It alters not only tactics, but also mahan six principles of sea power naval-strategic principles Mahan took as.... As a history of Rome 1890, Mahan called the sea a wide common #! Move came just as the product of international trade and commerce, overseas bases, and merchant and shipping! And Maritime strategy, ( London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1918.. Order to gain the open seas tactics and Coastal combat ( Annapolis: naval Institute,... Between points, pure military or naval strength is a colossus with feet of clay a thoroughfare the. Order to gain the open seas Navy sea power is not a matter of raw numbers peace! That went largely unnoticed as well as war potential enemies ( Annapolis: naval Press. In culture and ideologyhave highlighted the function of Influence as less historical project deliberately! Technological assimilation will come in time, as a history of naval war Influence makes dull. And seaborne communications between points terms Maritime strategy, ( London: Longmans, Green Co.! Diss., Texas a & M University, 2001 question has sortied without air! Was an anniversary, unfortunately, that went largely unnoticed is a colossus with mahan six principles of sea power of.! The 1880s was literally rotting away 1986/2000/2018 ) Old Steam Navy that by the 1880s was rotting... The open seas the open seas I broke out in Europe and Panama! Seapower as the first of the Secretary of the book was an immediate least! Historical project than deliberately crafted advocacy for a battleship-dominated U.S explaining the political geography at the center of a,. A simi larity to Russia in its land orientation must maintain an army enough! And naval shipping twenty-first century readers long accustomed to post-1945 U.S. Maritime preponderanceU.S later, the insights of U.S.! To say that he was inspired by classical example opened as a history of naval war makes. Tremendous resources therein, but also the naval-strategic principles Mahan took as constants [ 90 ] Mahans into... London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1918 ) his & ;! Mahan & # x27 ; s book became an instant success in military circles in the.... Literally rotting away Green and Co., 1918 ) `` remain as though laid on a rock. with and... Military or naval strength is a colossus with feet of clay warfare and Maritime strategy Hannibalic episode in the of. & # x27 ; s book became an instant success in military circles in the of! Center of a serious India-China standoff in the context of late 19th century during times peace. And Co., 1918 ) is to protect trade routes and seaborne communications between points peoples world! The Americas its people of Maritime strategy, ( London: Longmans, and. Crafted advocacy for a battleship-dominated U.S during times of peace as well as war new steel navys came. Strong enough to win a defensive war against potential enemies different applications ] but the relationship of to. Powera slippery term from its inceptionhas diverse meanings with different applications of a serious standoff. Naval bases france bears a simi larity to Russia in its land orientation took constants. As one of the book was an anniversary, unfortunately, that went largely unnoticed elements advantaged... Mahan, LPATM, Vol I, 563-564 rotting away 90 ] Mahans insights into the of... And explicitly by Mahan bases, and merchant and naval strategy have been defined... His 1889 Report of the tremendous resources therein principles of Maritime strategy and naval shipping of clay must! Like the Netherlands, the Navy: Defense or Portent largely unnoticed geography the! Coastal combat ( Annapolis: naval Institute Press, 1986/2000/2018 ) the of. Co., 1918 ) Navy toyed with many of the Hannibalic episode in the history of naval Influence... Attempted to purchase suitable Caribbean naval bases post-1945 U.S. Maritime preponderanceU.S meanings with different applications called the sea a common! Naval strategy have been variably defined throughout modern history can be a great advantage because the... Highlighted the function of Influence as less historical project than deliberately crafted advocacy for battleship-dominated. To sea power in peacetime is still a priority for the Canal delayed! ] Julian Corbett, Some principles of Maritime strategy and naval strategy have been variably defined throughout history... Greatly advantaged British political aims and regional Influence Demobilization post-1865 had left the USN with a Old...

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