peace treaty between israel and palestine 2022
Israeli, Palestinian public figures propose two-state confederation plan. But it leaves out a point that was, perhaps, obvious to its authors. Visionary leaders change their minds. Enter the Era of Chaos", "Netanyahu lowers expectations for Israeli-Palestinian peace", A presentation of the Lubavitcher Rebbe's views on the Jewish people's connection with the Holy Land, the Arab-Israeli conflict, and the so-called "Land for Peace" issue, The Israel Project: Timeline of Israeli-Arab Peace Initiatives since 1977, The History of the Peace Process in the Context of the 2013 John Kerry Peace Efforts, Beyond Intractability: A Free Knowledge Base on More Constructive Approaches to Destructive Conflict, UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194, UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=IsraeliPalestinian_peace_process&oldid=1139918405, Articles with dead external links from June 2021, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles to be expanded from September 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020, Articles slanted towards recent events from March 2021, Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2020, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Please try again or choose an option below. The road map was released in April 2003 after the appointment of Mahmoud Abbas (AKA Abu Mazen) as the first-ever Palestinian Authority Prime Minister. But then they will also want to go to sell their homes to Palestinians or perhaps to the government of Israel or Palestine, which will designate their houses or apartments for Palestinian refugees. Is it? At the Taba summit (at Taba) in January 2001 talks continued based on the Clinton Parameters. Mishal, S. and Sela, A, 'The Palestinian Hamas: Vision, Violence and Coexistence' (Columbia University Press, 2006) p. 275. In addition, the Israeli government rejected any possible agreement with Palestine as long as it refuses to recognize Israel as a Jewish state. The colonists will return to the home country, as colonists from Algeria returned to France or Portuguese from African colonies returned to Portugal. Both the US and Israel called for a new Prime Minister position, as both refused to work with Arafat anymore. We cannot keep placing Band-Aids on a festering wound and hope that it will self-heal. A key starting point for understanding these views is an awareness of the differing objectives sought by advocates of the Palestinian cause. They may hesitate until their neighbors start leaving. He served as Israels justice minister from 1999 to 2001 and was the initiator of the Oslo Process, the Beilin-Abu Mazen understandings, and the Geneva Initiative. Palestine Israel Journal of Politics, Economics, and Culture, vol. Following the conflict that erupted between the two main Palestinian parties, Fatah and Hamas, Hamas took control of the Gaza Strip, splintering the Palestinian Authority into two polities, each claiming to be the true representatives of the Palestinian people. They also acknowledged the need to share a single business ecosystem, while cooperating intensively on water, security, bandwidth, banking, tourism and much more. [8] Israel's position is that Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas ought to be the negotiating partner in the peace talks, and not Hamas, which has at times engaged with Israel in escalations of the conflict and attacks Israel's civilian population. They are free to leave if they want, as Britain left the European Union. The Hamas movement and the PLO have the joint responsibility to make this possible by reaching a reconciliation agreement. Israeli concerns are based on abundant documentary and empirical evidence of many Palestinian leaders having in fact promoted and supported terrorist groups and activities. [90] The first three months of the plan would revolve around the borders and potential land swaps for the 1967 lines. It is mainly designed to foster efforts in the private sector, once governments provide the initial investment and facilities. [4] The Oslo Accords demonstrated the recognition of this acceptance by the then Palestinian leadership of the state of Israel's right to exist in return for the withdrawal of Israeli forces from the Gaza Strip and West Bank. [44][45][46] No tenable solution was crafted which would satisfy both Israeli and Palestinian demands, even under intense U.S. The plan advocates the formal annexation of West Bank and Gaza by Israel and that Palestinians will become either Jordanian citizens or permanent residents in Israel so long as they remained peaceful and law-abiding residents. Palestinians have held diverse views and perceptions of the peace process. The State of Israel was established in 1948. Create an FP account to save articles to read later and in the FP mobile app. [20] However, there remain some activists on the Palestinian side who claim that there are still some positive signs on the Palestinian side, and that Israel should use these to cultivate some positive interactions with the Palestinians, even in spite of Hamas's basic opposition to the existence of the Jewish State. The two parties made effortssome honest and some superficialto find solutions to the main issues of the dispute: the delineation of the border between the two states, the future of Jerusalem, the fate of Israeli settlements, the return of Palestinian refugees, and the structure of cooperative security arrangements. So unused to being challenged, the United States has become so filled with anxiety over China that sober responses are becoming nearly impossible. Perhaps the most important proposal in the nearly 100-page document, and the most controversial, is that Israeli More Israelis and Palestinians embrace this package of solutions than any other, although, among both peoples, support has dropped from an absolute majority to a plurality. They would, however, be entitled to participate in municipal elections in their place of residence and would enjoy the same civil rights and social benefits as citizens. The Beirut summit of Arab government leaders took place in March 2002 under the aegis of the Arab League. [citation needed] Egypt brokered the 2008 IsraelHamas ceasefire, which lasted half a year beginning on 19 June 2008 and lasted until 19 December 2008. It would stay on the shelf but eventually will guide the implementation. A confederation between Israel and Palestine, as the authors stress, is not a substitute for two sovereign states. Its a way of implementing a two-state agreement without stark separation and the were over here and youre over there, with a big wall between us thinking common until now, especially among Israeli two-state advocates. Jessica Chen Weiss, formerly a senior advisor for policy planning at the State Department under the Biden administration, makes the case that the United States is becoming consumed by competition with China, a strategy that could lead to dangerous conflict. Since mid-June 2007, Israel has cooperated with Palestinian security forces in the West Bank at unprecedented levels, thanks in part to United States-sponsored training, equipping, and funding of the Palestinian National Security Forces and Presidential Guard. For several decades, Palestinians and Israelis have been involved in a peace process from opposite 29, 2022 in Bethlehem in the occupied West Bank. [36] The agreement, officially titled the Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements (DOP), was signed on the White House lawn on 13 September 1993. 2023 The Times of Israel , All Rights Reserved. The Times of Israel is committed to Israel as a Jewish and democratic state, and independent journalism provides an essential protection for democratic equality. If those conditions are met, the two-state outcome can be politically attractive, and a confederation might be the best way for both states to flourish. Jordan, like Egypt, is bound by a peace treaty with Israel. The treaty normalized relations between the two countries and resolved territorial disputes between them. [22] Israel has said repeatedly that these restrictions are necessary due to security concerns, and in order to counteract ongoing efforts which promote terrorism which incite opposition to Israel's existence and rights as a country. [42] The issue of the Palestinian right of return would be solved through significant monetary reparations.[43]. She has been a legal advisor to Palestinian delegations in negotiations with Israel. Join FPs Ravi Agrawal for a wide-ranging conversation with U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai on the Biden administrations trade and economic policiesand the impacts they have on the world. While the world is watching the war in Ukraine, its worth remembering those persistently working to make peace elsewhere. The second is that even if the Holy Land Confederation doesnt last or security and economic arrangements change, some of its features are designed to live on: the border between the two states, the legal status of citizens of one state who are residents in the other, the division of Jerusalem into two capitals, and, of course, the solution to the Palestinian refugee issue. Since late 2022, Beijing has increasingly signaled the limits of its support for Myanmars junta against pro-democracy forces and protection against international efforts to hold the army accountable for its crimes. Proposed in the fall of 2000 following the collapse of the Camp David talks, The Clinton Parameters included a plan on which the Palestinian State was to include 94-96% of the West Bank, and around 80% of the settlers were to become under Israeli sovereignty, and in exchange for that, Israel would concede some territory (so called 'Territory Exchange' or 'Land Swap') within the Green Line (1967 borders). ", "American Jews More Right than Left on the Peace Process", "The death of the Israel-Palestine two-state solution brings fresh hope,", "Report of the Secretary-General Under Security Council Resolution 331 (1973) of 20 April 1973", History of failed peace talks (BBC, 26 November 2007), "Response of FM Peres to the decisions of the Arab Summit in Beirut 28-Mar-2002", PA rejects Olmert's offer to withdraw from 93% of West Bank (Haaretz, 12 August 2008), Israel Agrees to Truce with Hamas on Gaza, Full text of Netanyahu's foreign policy speech at Bar Ilan, "Obama Opens Long-Shot Talks on Mideast Peace", "In Middle East Peace Talks, Clinton Faces a Crucial Test", "Palestinians Restate Demands to Netanyahu", "Abbas ready to engage with Israel but says settlement building 'destroying hope', "Netanyahu backs demilitarized Palestinian state", "PM promises Abbas a demilitarized Palestinian state", "Netanyahu to Abbas: Israeli unity cabinet is a new opportunity for Mideast peace", "Obama welcomes renewal of Israeli-Palestinian talks, but says 'hard choices' lie ahead", "Hamas rejects Kerry's announcement: Abbas has no authority to negotiate", "Peace talks set to begin after Israel agrees to free 104 Palestinian prisoners", US peace envoy to come to Israel next week, 'US denies dismantling peace negotiators team,', "Hamas and Fatah unveil Palestinian reconciliation deal", Sanctions and suspended talks Israel responds to Palestinian reconciliation, "PLO, Hamas unity constitute reuniting West Bank and Gaza: Ban Ki-moon", Israel begins implementing economic sanctions against Palestinians, Abbas Renews Threat to Dissolve Palestinian Authority if Peace Talks Fail, Abbas to Submit 'Surprising' Proposal to Kerry, Abbas Peace Plan Calls for Israeli Withdrawal Within 3 Years, Report: Abbas peace plan calls for Israeli withdrawal from West Bank, Abbas' peace plan: Israeli withdrawal from West Bank within three years, Abu Mazen's Three-Year Peace Plan for Israel, Abbas: If Security Council bid fails, we may end security cooperation with Israel, "Israel freezes Palestinian funds in response to ICC bid", "Palestinians to ban sale of products from 6 major Israeli companies", At UN, Abbas threatens to nix agreements with Israel if West Bank land annexed, "Participation of Jean-Yves Le Drian in the Munich Security Conference Declaration by the Spokesperson of the Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (15-16 Feb.20)", "A New 'Quartet' for Israeli-Palestinian Peace", "Joint Statement of the Foreign Ministers of France, Germany, Egypt and Jordan (7 Jul. For them, in lieu of such clarifications, Olmert's 6.36.8% annexation might work out closer to 8.5%, 4 times the 1.9% limit the Palestinians argued a swap should not exceed. Halliday, F., 'The Middle East in International Relations', (Cambridge, 2005), p. 307. In principle, these proposals could be implemented even without confederal arrangements. A joint statement of the quartet confirmed its intention to work with the incoming administration of President-elect Joe Biden. Its signing is also closely linked with the efforts to create peace between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization representing the Palestinian Authority. Western pundits often admire autocrats for getting things done. What we expect to change, with the consent of both parties, is the border regime and the extent of freedom of movement of people and goods. The broad principles of a permanent solution are now agreed upon by many, and they were implicitly endorsed in 2016 in U.N. Security Council Resolution 2334, which called for a return to the pre-1967 border with equal land swaps and cessation of settlement activity and encouraged final-status negotiations. [38] The talks ended with both sides claiming the other side dropped follow-up contacts.[38][53]. The conflict between them had cost roughly 18.3 billion dollars. Xi Jinpings signature foreign policy is a shadow of its former self.. What can we glean from the current state of play on the battlefield? Israel has emerged as a regional economic and military powerhouse, leveraging its booming high-tech sector, massive defense industry, and concerns about Iran to foster partnerships around the world. [28][29], There were parallel efforts for peace treaties between Israel and other "confrontation states": Egypt, Jordan and Syria after the Six-Day war, and Lebanon afterwards. WebIsraeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett has made it clear that he has no interest in reviving the Israeli-Palestinian peace process. Youre on the list! The whole land between Jordan and the Mediterranean is smaller than Belgium. The settlements' population almost doubled in the West Bank. Indyk served as U.S. ambassador to Israel and assistant secretary of state for Near East affairs during the Clinton administration. May 23, 2022, 11:12 AM. [84], Notwithstanding Israeli objections and actions, the new Palestinian Unity Government was formed on 2 June 2014. If you share these values with us, please consider supporting our work by joining The ToI Community. [16] Secretary of State Hillary Clinton thought that peace can only be achieved through direct, bilateral negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians. click the link in that email to complete your registration. Delivered Thursday. [125][pageneeded] The Palestinians point out to the extensive and continuing Israeli settlement effort in the West Bank restricting the area available to the Palestinian state. [5] Israelis view the peace process as hindered and near impossible due to terrorism on the part of Palestinians and do not trust Palestinian leadership to maintain control. Politics. One possible idea by this essay is to agree ahead of time that following attainment of a final status agreement there will be a negotiated detailed and staged implementation agreement which would define a process which would allow the creation of a stable functional Palestinian state in stages and over time. Join FPs Ravi Agrawal for a frank discussion about the Biden administrations China policy and alternatives that it ought to consider. The UN Special Coordinator for the Middle East Peace Process told the Security Council on Wednesday, that since the adoption in December 2016 of resolution It was within this context that the United Nations passed Security Council Resolution 2334 in December 2016 in another bid to address the settlement question. "The Palestinian Refugees: A Reassessment and a Solution." Such an agreement would not entail implementation. Slater, J., 2001, "What Went Wrong? The Conversation About Ukraine Is Cracking Apart, An End to the War Doesnt Mean the End of Putin, Western Academics Are Fighting for Disappeared Friends in Xinjiang, To Save France, Macron Is Dividing Europe, The Risks of the CHIPS Act No Ones Talking About. In 2013 Israel still had control of 61% of the West Bank, while the Palestinians had control of civic functions for most of the Palestinian population. HAZEM BADER/AFP via Getty Images. [25], There is a lively debate around the shape that a lasting peace settlement would take (see for example the One-state solution and Two-state solution). He said that Abbas cannot have peace with both Hamas and Israel and has to choose. We cannot keep placing Band-Aids on a festering wound and hope that it will self-heal. Israel was then required to dismantle settlements established after March 2001, freeze all settlement activity, remove its army from Palestinian areas occupied after 28 September 2000, end curfews and ease restrictions on movement of persons and goods. [123] According to the Israeli view, this limits the ability of the Palestinians to make peace with Israel and enforce it over the long term. Hostilities between Gaza and Israel increased. [87], Abbas stated that if Israel rejected the claim he would push for charges against Israel in the International Criminal Court over the 2014 IsraelGaza conflict. If all the plans for how Israelis and Palestinians can peacefully divide or share their homeland were printed and shelved, they could overflow the vast Library of Alexandria. In June 2009, reacting to US President Barack Obama's Cairo Address,[38] Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared for the first time[55] conditional support for a future Palestinian state[56] but insisted that the Palestinians would need to make reciprocal gestures and accept several principles: recognition of Israel as the nation-state of the Jewish people;demilitarization of a future Palestinian state, along with additional security guarantees, including defensible borders for Israel;[57] Palestinian would also have to accept that Jerusalem would remain the united capital of Israel, and renounce their claim to a right of return. [58] [88] The resumption of talks was contingent on an Israeli freeze on construction in the West Bank and east Jerusalem,[89] as well as release the final batch of prisoners from the previous talks. The key word in the title is confederation.. In his bid to negotiate a peace accord and establish a Palestinian state, Olmert proposed a plan to the Palestinians. When it sinks in that they will be members of a minority in an Arab state, they will want to return to the Jewish state. A monthly digest of the top articles read by FP subscribers. Delivered Thursday. In fact, the transfer of greater powers and responsibilities to Palestinian civil authorityhas effectively been stopped. Click + to receive email alerts when new stories are published on. In addition to these measures, this approach seeks to address the consequences of the 1948 war in two ways. The agreement dealt with further redeployments in the West Bank, security issues and other concerns. Yossi Beilin is a former Israeli politician. Is Weiss correct? Join FPs Ravi Agrawal for a wide-ranging conversation with U.S. Trade Representative Katherine Tai on the Biden administrations trade and economic policiesand the impacts they have on the world. The United States has provided both a sense of direction and a mechanism. WebThe IsraeliPalestinian peace process refers to the intermittent discussions held by various parties and proposals put forward in an attempt to resolve the ongoing Multiple U.S. administrations have proposed road maps for a peace process that would result in two states, one Israeli and one Palestinian. [21], A further concern is whether, as a result of this security argument, Israel will in fact allow the Palestinian community to emerge as a viable and sovereign political unit, a viable and contiguous state. Yet a little over a year later, in July 2022, it cleverly sat out a clash between Israel and Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), as the IDF pulverized PIJ operatives and Only FP subscribers can submit questions for FP Live interviews. Ukraines military started slashing its Soviet roots long before. Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron, also known as the Hebron Protocol or Hebron Agreement, began 7 January and was concluded from 15 to 17 January 1997 between Israel and the PLO. Shared institutions to handle such issues make sense. As things stand now this brings the process to another impasse. The election of Hamas has provided evidence for this view, with the Hamas charter stating unequivocally that it does not recognize Israel's right to exist. standing, Ukrainians are determined to keep fighting, and the West has so far stayed resolute in its support of Ukraine. [38][53] Under Abbas's offer, more than 60 percent of settlers would stay in place. The agreement dealt with the redeployment of Israeli military forces in Hebron in accordance with the Oslo Accords, security issues and other concerns. [120] It was met with bitter denunciation by the Israeli government and many Palestinians, with the Palestinian Authority staying non-committal, but it was warmly welcomed by many European governments and some significant elements of the Bush Administration, including Secretary of State Colin Powell. The key word in the title is confederation. Perhaps the most important proposal in the nearly 100-page document, and the most controversial, is that Israeli settlers in the West Bank be allowed to stay in the Palestinian state. The monarchs had opted to dispense with nearly two decades of Pan-Arab consensus on Israel by normalizing ties before a meaningful conclusion to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was reached. Stay updated on the topics you care about with email alerts. In order to aid Sudans struggling economy, end its pariah status, and act as a motivator to normalize relations with Israel, the Trump administration removed Sudan from that list in 2020. ", "PA challenges Netanyahu to accept 1967 lines. He also claimed that Israeli settlements retain a right to growth and expansion in the West Bank. In March 2007, Japan proposed a plan for peace based on common economic development and effort, rather than on continuous wrangling over land. km) of the West Bank translates into only 86% from the Palestinian perspective. In the first step, the Palestinian Authority must "undertake visible efforts on the ground to arrest, disrupt, and restrain individuals and groups conducting and planning violent attacks on Israelis anywhere" and a "rebuilt and refocused Palestinian Authority security apparatus" must "begin sustained, targeted, and effective operations aimed at confronting all those engaged in terror and dismantlement of terrorist capabilities and infrastructure." The difficulty with this notion is that it creates a dis-incentive for Israel to reach such an agreement. [35] The talks continued in Washington, DC, but yielded only few results. If Putin had hoped to weaken NATO, the very opposite has happened, with Finland and Sweden on the cusp of joining the transatlantic military alliance. Verbit found that surveys of American Jews often reflect the view of the poll's sponsors. The approach is not zero-sum for either sidebut could serve as a facilitator for realizing long-stated desired outcomes for separation without detracting from either sides historic attachment to the land. Israelis and Palestinians must make every effort to put an end to this conflict because we are all paying the price of its continuation. Ive repeatedly heard Palestinians complain that the current regime of fences, checkpoints and permits isnt just exhausting and humiliating for those who do enter Israel; it also prevents the others from visiting most of historic Palestine. Furthermore, there is much concrete evidence of Palestinians having supported and expressed incitement against Israel, its motives, actions, and basic rights as a state. Egypt was the first Arab country to sign a peace treaty with Israel in 1979 after decades of conflict. [63][64] In May 2012, Abbas reiterated his readiness to engage with the Israelis if they propose "anything promising or positive". [26] The Palestinian leaders such as Salam Fayyad have rejected calls for a binational state or unilateral declaration of statehood. Newly elected Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu declared a new policy following the many suicide attacks by Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad since 1993, including a wave of suicide attacks prior to the Israeli elections of May 1996. In May of that year, according to Nathan Thrall, Israel had offered Palestinians 66% of the West Bank, with 17% annexed to Israel, and a further 17% not annexed but under Israeli control, and no compensating swap of Israeli territory. Despite the long history of conflict between Israelis and Palestinians, there are many people working on peaceful solutions that respect the rights of peoples on both sides. [5] However, there are recurrent themes prevalent throughout peace process negotiations including a feeling that Israel offers too little and a mistrust of its actions and motives. Delivered Wednesday & Sunday. WebThe IsraeliPalestinian conflict is one of the world's most enduring conflicts, beginning in the mid-20th century. The swap would consist of 13% of Israeli territory, such that the final borders of the West Bank part of the Palestinian state would include 97% of the land of the original borders.[47]. The default username below has been generated using the first name and last initial on your FP subscriber account. There will be "no comprehensive and lasting peace without solving the conflict on the basis of the two-state solution", Jordanian Foreign Minister Ayman al-Safadi told reporters following the meeting. [131] This became the Peace Valley plan, a joint effort of the Israeli, Palestinian and Jordanian governments to promote economic cooperation, and new business initiatives which can help both sides work together, and create a better diplomatic atmosphere and better economic conditions. It would necessarily include the Gaza Strip and provide a territorial link between the West Bank and Gaza Strip. It was not actually a new idea, dating back as far as the 1920s, but it was given extra prominence by the growing demographic issues raised by a rapidly expanding Arab population in Israel and the territories. [59][60] The aim of the talks was to forge the framework of a final agreement within one year, although general expectations of a success were fairly low. East Jerusalem would have fallen for the most part[41] under Israeli sovereignty, with the exception of most suburbs with heavy non-Jewish populations surrounded by areas annexed to Israel. An expert's point of view on a current event. The 91% land offer was based on the Israeli definition of Visionary leaders change their minds. [85], On 3 September 2014, Abbas presented a new proposal for the peace process to John Kerry. Hamas and Hezbollah, however threatened violence, especially if either side seemed likely to compromise in order to reach an agreement. The US was therefore compelled to re-focus on eliminating the threat posed by the stance of Hamas and Hezbollah as part of the direct talk progress. [78][79] Abbas said the deal did not contradict their commitment to peace with Israel on the basis of a two-state solution[80] and assured reporters that any unity government would recognize Israel, be non-violent, and bound to previous PLO agreements. Still, the most-cited political and psychological obstacle to a two-state agreement is the ever-growing number of Israeli settlers. If Palestine were declared a state, then immediately, Israel, by its present occupation of the West Bank will be in breach of the United Nations Charter. By one estimate from Harvard University, more than 130,000 Ukrainian soldiers have been killed or severely wounded, in addition to the deaths of more than 7,000 Ukrainian civilians. FPs Ravi Agrawal spoke with two of the very best Russia experts:Angela Stent, a nonresident senior fellow at the Brookings Institution and the author ofPutins World: Russia Against the West and With the Rest, and Michael Kofman, the research program director of the Russia studies program at the Center for Naval Analyses. There are several Israeli views of the peace process. "[116], On 15 February 2021, the quartet envoys met virtually and agreed to meet on a regular basis to continue their engagement. On September 17, 1978, after nearly two weeks of secret negotiations at Camp David, Sadat and Israeli Prime [93] Israel responded by freezing NIS 500 million (US$127 million) in Palestinian tax revenues,[94] in response to which, the PA banned the sale in the Palestinian territories of products of six major Israeli companies.[95]. Israel maintained and continues to maintain a presence in the West Bank for security reasons. Various "transfers of power and responsibilities" in the Gaza Strip and West Bank from Israel to the Palestinians took place in the mid-1990s. The settlements ' population almost doubled in the West Bank, security issues and other concerns please consider supporting work... Found that surveys of American Jews often reflect the view of the plan would revolve around the borders potential... And activities the first three months of the quartet confirmed its intention to work the. Representing the Palestinian leaders such as Salam Fayyad have rejected calls for a discussion... 35 ] the first name and last initial on your FP subscriber account join FPs Ravi for. Implemented even without confederal arrangements in January 2001 talks continued based on the shelf but eventually will guide the.. Watching the war in two ways them had cost roughly 18.3 peace treaty between israel and palestine 2022.... And Gaza Strip free to leave if they want, as Britain the! 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