1 maccabees summary shmoop

In the first chapter, Alexander the Great conquers vast territories and sets up a great empire, in which the territory of Judea is included. However, after successfully invading the Ptolemaic kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV enters Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple. It is a deuterocanonical work in Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox tradition, and apocryphal in Protestant tradition. VERSE 1. However, the original has been lost and the version which comes down to us is the Septuagint. 01793 418222. VERSE 55. Thus did they in their might to Israel, to those that were found month by month in the cities. 2 Simon now had the effrontery to name this benefactor of the city, this protector of his . First Maccabees can be divided as follows: Copyright 2019-2023 USCCB, please review our Privacy Policy. [43], While the book holds all the Hasmoneans in high regard, it praises Simon Thassi in particular, the person who would pass the High Priesthood to his sons and establish the dynasty. The origin of the word maccabee is unclear; it may derive from the Hebrew word maqqabi (= hammer)a reference to Judas physical strength and exploits. This usage of "Maccabees" as a group-term may have originated in Greek, as no usage of it in Hebrew to refer to the rebels survives from any era earlier than the 19th century.[10]. The first two books only are part of canonical scripture in the Septuagint and the Vulgate (hence are canonical to Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy) and are included in the Protestant Apocrypha. We will be talking about events that happened in the second century, which took place in Judea located in the Syrian empire. Later Jewish leaders thought poorly of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty for several reasons, and a document so openly celebratory of them was problematic. Proverbs 16:18. This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. If it really was originally written in Greek, then the author was intentionally imitating Hebrew style in Greek. The Latin translation is sometimes useful to identify certain changes made by Lucian of Antioch to the Greek text.[66]. It possibly was written during the reign of the Roman emperor Caligula (3741 ce). Through a series of events, Tobit goes blind and sends his son on a journey accompanied by the angel Raphael disguised as a human. Shortly before his death, he divides his kingdom among his generals. That is, each nation should abandon its religious customs. The author was an enthusiastic a supporter of the Maccabees who shows little sympathy with either their Jewish or Greek opponents. In an effort to enforce unity, he attempts to suppress the public observance of Jewish religious laws. they made themselves uncircumcised. He was familiar with the traditions and sacred books of his people and had access to much reliable information on their recent history (from 175 to 134 B.C.). VERSE 8. The First Book of Maccabees, originally written in Hebrew during the last part of thesecond century b.c.e.,1 can be read, among other things, as the story of the 1 CarlL.W. Gentile forces still hold a fortress in Jerusalem, however, as well as many towns in Judea and Galilee. Ptolemy, a loyal general of Alexanders, was made satrap of Egypt in 323 when Alexander died, and in 304 he assumed the title of king, annexing Cyprus, Palestine, and the Lebanon. Her sanctuary was laid waste like a wilderness, her feasts were turned into mourning, her Sabbaths into reproach, her honor into contempt. It gives detailed accounts of the Maccabean revolt led by Judas Maccabeus, as well as the martyrdoms of Eleazar and seven brothers. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 BC, highlighting how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through Mattathias' family, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan Apphus, and Simon Thassi, and Simon's son, John Hyrcanus. These heroes of the faith will not forsake the One God. It runs from the end of the reign of Seleucus IV, the predecessor of Antiochus IV Epiphanes, up to the defeat of Nicanor, shortly before the death of Judas Maccabeusthat is, a period of fifteen years (176-161), which are covered in chapters 1-7 of the first book. The Book of 1 Maccabees CPDV summary. (Das erste Buch der Maccaber [Kurzgefasstes exegetisches Handbuch zu It is not permitted to do evil that good may result. After Judass death, the war continued intermittently under his brothers Jonathan and Simon. VERSE 27. When Mattathias died, the revolt was led by his son Judas, or Judah Maccabee, as he is often called. Despite this, the book is not included as canon in the Tanakh. The name Maccabee probably means "hammer" and was the nickname given in the book to the first leader of the revolt, Judas, third son of Mattathias. In true Deuteronomic tradition, the author insists on fidelity to the law as the expression of Israels love for God. they chose to die. Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Gelasian Decree is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees. It is considered one of the most accurate accounts of Jewish history for the period which it covers. VERSE 39. came there forth out of Israel. In fact, it is "a thoroughgoing pro-Hasmonean . It was portrayed as a center of athletic and intellectual life. He may well have played some part in it himself in his youth. And the kingdom was well ordered in the sight of Antiochus, and he thought to reign over Egypt, that he might reign over the two kingdoms. The big question from this period is the question of self-definition. [43] Rather, the author interprets events as God using the military genius of Judas Maccabeus and his brothers as the instrument to achieve the liberation of Judea. Although 1 Maccabees was originally written in Hebrew (some you can tell from the sentence structure) it exists now only in Greek. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. For the full article, see, Prohibition of Jewish religious practices, Hanukkah: reconsecration of the sanctuary, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Maccabees. And after these things he fell sick, and perceived that he should die. The Second Book of the Maccabees. VERSE 5. Second Maccabees includes a different edition of the first seven chapters of 1 Maccabees and was written at a later date, likely in Alexandria, Egypt. St. Augustine wrote in The City of God that they were preserved for their accounts of the martyrs. This page was last edited on 16 October 2020, at 19:27. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&oldid=1044072, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. When he died his widow, Alexandra, married his elder brother, Alexander Janneus, and she remained on the throne while her son Hyrcanus II was high priest. This page was last edited on 26 February 2023, at 19:13. The second book is even more important from the doctrinal point of view. II Maccabees focuses on the Jews' revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. [21][22] The English equivalent would be writing new books in the style of the King James Version. Compare 1 Maccabees 10:65. put to shame and fled. 1:7 So Alexander reigned twelves years, and then died. Ancient manuscripts of the text include the Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Alexandrinus and Codex Venetus, as well as several scrolls. Given its exactness of dates, places and documents and its enthusiasm for the Jewish cause, 1 Maccabees must have been written by a Palestinian Jew who witnessed the events he describes; the author of 2 Maccabees was more likely an Alexandrian Jew and a Pharisee, given what he has to say about resurrection. [44] Notably, the author makes no reference to the idea of a bodily resurrection, which the Sadducees opposed. Finally, there is the issue of its revolutionary character. [44] For the author, bold military action while living is the proper response to oppression. [40] Jews who complain about Judas's activities "bring to the king an accusation against the people". 2023 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. He will make a firm covenant with many for one week. Read more . Though initially hailed as liberators, the Selucid family wasted no time in leaving their mark upon Judea. Ps 119:89-90). This was a mighty defeat for Egypt. They will not live a lie. CHAPTER 1. It also seems to have been written in Judea where knowledge of Hebrew would have been more widespread. Registered charity 232759. But he also wants to show that Gods purpose in permitting persecution is to discipline the Jews in order that he may not take vengeance on us afterwards when our sins have reached their height (6:12-17). In the book itself, "Maccabee" is used solely as a personal title for Judah Maccabee (Latinized as Judas Maccabeus). The relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius' son and successor, Demetrius II Nicator, is covered in chapter 11: Jonathan provides military support to Demetrius at the latter's request (verse 44), and a successful engagement against a popular revolt at Antioch enables the Jews to "gain glory in the sight of the king" (verse 51). She, having offered God the lives of her sons, then offers herself in sacrifice, giving an example of fortitude and also of that faith in which she had reared her children. The persecution of Antiochus IV presumably radicalized the Jews. View all posts by todd. The First Book of Maccabees also gives a list of Jewish colonies scattered elsewhere through the Mediterranean at the time.[25]. Prefixed to the book are two "festive" letters (1.1 - 10a and1.10b - 2.19), sent from the Jews in Jerusalem to the Jews in Egypt. CHAPTERS: 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, RESOURCES: Summary, Outline, Memorize, Chronology. And they put there a sinful nation, transgressors of the law, and they strengthened themselves therein. "[45][46] Even if "heaven" is merely shorthand for "God in heaven", 1 Maccabees is remarkably secular in its depiction of the conflict. the king sent letters. His severest condemnation goes, not to the Seleucid politicians, but to the lawless apostates among his own people, adversaries of Judas and his brothers, who are models of faith and loyalty. 64 My children, be courageous and grow strong in the law, for by it you will gain honour. The kingdom began to decline under Ptolemy IV Philopator, who was a bad administrator and led a dissolute life. Omissions? Judas, nicknamed Maccabeus, probably meaning "hammer," continues his military exploits and also seeks an alliance with the Roman Republic to remove the Greeks. 2:4), the third son of Mattathias, the hero of the war of Jewish independence against Syria. And the land was moved for the inhabitants thereof, and all the house of Jacob was clothed with shame. There are seven poetic sections in the book that imitate the style of classical Hebrew poetry: four laments (1:2528, 3640; 2:713; 3:45), and three hymns of praise of our fathers (2:5164), of Judas (3:39), and of Simon (14:415). Hardcover; 9780300159936; Published: Tuesday, 26 Apr 2022; $85.00. But they did not belong to the family of those men through whom deliverance was given to Israel. First Maccabees gives a detailed account of the struggle in Palestine over a period of fifty years, from the time Antiochus IV Epiphanes came to the throne up to the death of Simon, the last of the Maccabee brothers (134 B.C.). the Torah. The second book overlaps with the first, starting earlier. On the wing of abominations will come one who makes desolate; and even to the full end, and that determined, wrath will be poured out on the desolate. Pride goes before destruction, and an arrogant spirit before a fall. The First Book of Maccabees (I Maccabees) is historical work extant in Greek, covering the period of 40 years from the accession of Antiochus Epiphanes (175 B.C.E.) Flavius Josephus, the first century Jewish historian, carries the story forward; only he gives the surname Hasmoneus, which applies to the successors of the early Maccabees up to Aristobulus II. Hope for life beyond death enabled the people of God to commit their lives fully to the God who had called them, even when this seemed of no benefit in worldly terms. However, we believers CANNOT do evil that good may result. INTRODUCING MATTATHIAS. [28] Verses 2332 record an agreement between Rome and the nation of the Jews, whereby each party would act as a willing ally of the other and refuse to supply their enemies in time of war, specific warning being given to Demetrius I Soter that this pact would be activated against him if requested by the Jews. [44] That said, our knowledge of the Sadducees is scant, so it is difficult to know for sure. Aristobulus I, the son of John Hyrcanus, was the first to add the title of king to that of chief priest. As we know, those who have left this world and enjoy the beatific vision, in the same act of charity in which they love God, are also praying for their brothers, who are members of the Church like themselves. The [] he shall die. That is, about 168 BC. VERSE 21. and entered presumptuously into the sanctuary, and took the golden altar, and the candlestick of the light, and all that pertained thereto. And the women that had circumcised their children they put to death according to the commandment. He refuses to comply with Antiochus' officers and, in an act of utter defiance, murders a Jew who attempts to offer pagan sacrifice, killing the officer as well. When Simon died he was succeeded by his son John Hyrcanus, who became the founder of the Hasmonean dynasty. 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