how to worship quetzalcoatl
Indeed, Quetzalcoatl was born. As a god of wind, Quetzalcoatl was also an important fertility deity. [32][33][34][35][36] Most documents expounding this theory are of entirely Spanish origin, such as Corts's letters to Charles V of Spain, in which Corts goes to great pains to present the naive gullibility of the Aztecs in general as a great aid in the conquest of the Aztec Empire. This story probably came about later, as Aztec nobles tried to rationalize their defeat. Mesoamerican priests and kings would sometimes take the name of a deity they were associated with, so Quetzalcoatl and Kukulcan are also the names of historical persons. Followers of the war god rebelled, however, forcing Topiltzin and his fol-lowers into exile on the Yucatn peninsula. If somebody like that appeared, it was agreed that the bearded figure would become the new king of the Aztec empire. The colonization of Mesoamerica, or rather Abya Yala, has severely impacted the area where Quetzalcoatl was worshiped. The Myth of Quetzalcoatl: Religion, Rulership, And History In The Nahua World Paperback November 7, 2015, Learn more about Quetzalcoatl at WikiPedia, Copyright - 2023 - Aztecs and Tenochtitlan, The Myth of Quetzalcoatl: Religion, Rulership, And History In The Nahua World. Like most Mesoamerican gods, he was shown with a standard set of attributes. Because of this, the ways in which he was worshipped varied widely. However, independent historical sources do not substantiate this claim and later historians have disputed it as well. He appears seated in Omnipotence City of the gods, where all major deities are located, during an announcement from leader of the gods, Zeus. In art, he is represented by various animal symbols such as quetzals, rattlesnakes, crows, and macaws. The major worship of this god as Quetzalcoatl began in 700 . The worship of Quetzalcoatl became widespread with the rise of the Toltec civilization around 900 A.D. and spread throughout the region, even down to the Yucatan peninsula where it caught on with the Maya. The Teotihuacan iconographical depictions are often interpreted as a version where Quetzalcoatl played the role of a fertility-related serpent deity. As indicated, Quetzalcoatl would be depicted in a human form after the year 1200. https://www.thoughtco.com/facts-about-quetzalcoatl-2136322 (accessed March 2, 2023). The earliest depictions of the feathered serpent deity were fully zoomorphic, depicting the serpent as an actual snake, but already among the Classic Maya, images of the deity began acquiring human features, such as the beard (see the Borgia codex illustration above) that he was sometimes depicted with. Quetzalcoatlhe was the wind, the guide and road sweeper of the rain gods, of the masters of the water, of those who brought rain. This constitutes the Late Pre-Classic Period of the Mayan civilization. On the other hand, the snake was considered a vital instrument to help bring visions from the underworld to the Mayan kings. Often he is also represented as spider monkeys, ducks, and other animals or beings of nature. Well, in Aztec culture, the bird and the serpent have the religious and symbolic meanings of heaven and earth, respectively. So it should be clear that Quetzalcoatl was, indeed, a great mythical figure. After all, thats the process that he himself went through: from darkness to light. [5] It was one of several important gods in the Aztec pantheon, along with the gods Tlaloc, Tezcatlipoca and Huitzilopochtli. [citation needed], In the Codex Chimalpopoca, it is said Quetzalcoatl was coerced by Tezcatlipoca into becoming drunk on pulque, cavorting with his older sister, Quetzalpetlatl, a celibate priestess, and neglecting their religious duties. Quetzalcoatl's opposite was Tezcatlipoca, who supposedly sent Quetzalcoatl into exile. They therefore claimed that Quetzalcoatl was the Aztec name for Thomas the Apostle and that the naive natives believed that he, like Christ, would one day return to finish converting them to Christianity. Accessed March 1, 2023. Xolotl Among the Aztecs, this was Quetzalcoatls twin. According to stories, Aztec people only ate animals or roots until Quetzalcoatl arrived. Quetzalcoatl was also linked with Aztec priesthood and one of the two high priests in the famous Templo Mayor of Tenochtitlan assumed the title of Quetzalcoatl. After Topiltzin's exile, Toltec power began to decline. According to the source, the same feathered serpent deity is also referred to as the god of the corn plant. Each of these four sons presides over one of the four cardinal directions. Two other gods represented by the planet Venus are Tlaloc (ally and the god of rain) and Xolotl (psychopomp and its twin). A Walking Tour of the Maya Capital of Chichn Itz, The Chac Mool Sculptures of Ancient Mexico, Influence of the Olmec Civilization on Mesoamerica. Cult worship may have involved the ingestion of hallucinogenic mushrooms (psilocybes), considered sacred. And, it wasnt so bad after all. Like many other Mesoamerican deities, the story of our god sees several reincarnations. The four suns before Quetzalcoatl had been destroyed by disastrous events, like floods, fires, and volcanic eruptions. Its more likely that Montezuma saw the Spanish not as enemies but as possible allies in his ongoing campaign to enlarge his empire. Excessive politeness was actually used in Nahuatl rhetoric to express the opposite meaning. In the era following the 16th-century Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, a number of records conflated Quetzalcoatl with Ce Acatl Topiltzin, a ruler of the mythico-historic city of Tollan. Corts himself claimed in a letter that the gullibility of the Aztec people helped him to conquer them. [40] However, a majority of Mesoamericanist scholars, such as Matthew Restall (2003, 2018[37]), James Lockhart (1994), Susan D. Gillespie (1989), Camilla Townsend (2003a, 2003b), Louise Burkhart, Michel Graulich and Michael E. Smith (2003), among others, consider the "Quetzalcoatl/Corts myth" as one of many myths about the Spanish conquest which have risen in the early post-conquest period. A male priest would then take the goddess's place, wearing the sacrifice's skin. His form of reincarnation, more specifically, would be that of a white person with a long beard. Cholula remained the most important center of worship of Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec/Nahua version of the feathered-serpent deity, in the post-classic period. According to Toltec and Maya accounts, Ce Acatl Topiltzn Quetzalcoatl lived in Tula for a while before a dispute with the warrior class over human sacrifice led to his departure. Why is that? If your web page requires an HTML link, please insert this code: . Ququmatz Also written as Gukumatz, this name belonged to the Kiche Maya. As a god, its only logical that such reincarnations would be for the betterment of the earth and its people. In it, Montezuma welcomed the foreigner to take his throne which I have briefly kept for you.. Similarly, various other birth stories are also associated with Quetzalcoatl. Welcome. Quetzalcoatl was associated with the wind-god Ehecatl and is often depicted with his insignia: a beak-like mask. These were part of the Nahua culture, which included both these states and other independent ethnic groups in central Mexico. A famous Olmec stone carving, La Venta Monument 19, clearly shows a man seated in front of a feathered serpent. Throughout Mesoamerican culture, they practiced human sacrifice and ritual cannibalism to placate this god. The meaning of his name is "Winged Serpent" or "Feathered Serpent". Montezuma's failure to act has been attributed to his belief that Cortes was none other than Quetzalcoatl, who had once gone away to the east, promising to return. In another legend, still told in Mexico, Quetzalcoatl was feeling ill. His brother Tezcatlipoca, who wanted to be rid of Quetzalcoatl, came up with a clever plan. A 2012 exhibition at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art and the Dallas Museum of Art, "The Children of the Plumed Serpent: the Legacy of Quetzalcoatl in Ancient Mexico", demonstrated the existence of a powerful confederacy of Eastern Nahuas, Mixtecs and Zapotecs, along with the peoples they dominated throughout southern Mexico between 1200 and 1600 (Pohl, Fields, and Lyall 2012, Harvey 2012, Pohl 2003). Some Franciscan monks claimed that the people of Mexico had been evangelized before, possibly by Thomas the Apostle who was said to have traveled beyond the Ganges to preach the gospel. The Church of Latter Day Saints, better known as the Mormons, teaches that Jesus Christ walked the Earth after his resurrection, spreading the word of Christianity to all corners of the globe. Quetzalcoatl was not only one of the most important deities in pre-Columbian Mexico, he was also one of the oldest. The first keeper of written records, he was patron of the Calmecac, a school for noble children who learned to paint histories and astrology, as well as practice the art of war. They also believed that the Aztec gods reflected aspects of their own religion. This didnt help a lot to overcome their cruel intentions, however. Chichen Itza is famous for its Temple of Kukulcn, which was their name for Quetzalcoatl. There is no question that the legend of Quetzalcoatl played a significant role in the colonial period. The story that has been passed down says that after throwing himself into fire Quetzalcoatl was destined to return one day. Instead, these stories were probably the invention of Franciscan monks who followed the initial conquest of Mexico. In the extant Mayan sources, it has been revealed that Quetzalcoatl, or the Feathered Serpent, was associated with warfare as well as fertility. Since the sixteenth century, it has been widely held that the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II initially believed the landing of Hernn Corts in 1519 to be Quetzalcoatl's return. While other gods had relied on brute force for reaching the other side, Quetzalcoatl relied on intelligence in order to reach the maize. Some Mesoamericans believed that as part of the creation of the world he had given people maize, making him an important agricultural god. Quetzalcoatl is not a religious symbol in the Latter-day Saint faith, and is not taught as such, nor is it in their doctrine that Quetzalcoatl is Jesus. Aztec Gods Quetzalcoatl Tezcatlipoca Quetzalcoatl occupied a unique position in the Aztec pantheon and was considered one of the most important gods. Over more than a thousand years, a similar god was worshipped by virtually every one of Mesoamericas related cultures. You have graciously arrived, you have known pain, you have known weariness, now come on earth, take your rest, enter into your palace, rest your limbs; may our lords come on earth. Christopher Minster, Ph.D., is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador. Round monuments occur particularly often in Huastec territory. Although little is known about the specific ways in which he was revered, some historians believe that the use of hallucinogenic mushrooms and other intoxicants may have played a large role. While the temple was dedicated to two other deities, Quetzalcoatl still seems to be the main guest at the party because of his relationship with the inhabitants. [44], Quetzalcoatl was fictionalized in the 1982 film Q as a monster that terrorizes New York City. Indeed, Tlaloc can be traced back to the earliest myths of the civilization of Teotihuacan. Colonial documentary sources from the Maya area frequently speak of the arrival of foreigners from the central Mexican plateau, often led by a man whose name translates as "Feathered Serpent". According to Aztec mythology, Earth had been through four cycles of Sun, each of which resulted in the destruction of mankind. It shows the first signs of a feathered serpent cult amongst ancient civilizations of the region. So Quetzalcoatl is named after the thing he looks like, a feathered serpent deity. This is what you have to look forward to- Initially, you will notice that you can find pleasure in new and sometimes bizarre places. Quetzalcoatl was also the patron of the priests and the title of the twin Aztec high priests. Among the Aztecs, it was related to wind, Venus, Sun, merchants, arts, crafts, knowledge, and learning. [41] However, in 1892 one president of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, John Taylor, wrote:[42]. Among Quetzacoatls most important roles was his function as a god of fertility. [24], According to another version of the myth, Quetzalcoatl is one of the four sons of Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl, the four Tezcatlipocas, each of whom presided over one of the four cardinal directions. Quetzalcoatl, or "Feathered Serpent," was an important god to the ancient people of Mesoamerica. There are three different ways you can cite this article. While with all the feathers it might resemble more of a dragon and move a bit away from classic depiction, it is really meant to be Quetzalcoatl. The Nahua largely spoke dialects of the same language, Nahuatl, which helped to unify their culture. It has been suggested that these stories recall the spread of the feathered-serpent cult in the epi-classic and early post-classic periods.[12]. In 1519, Hernn Corts and his ruthless band of audacious conquistadors conquered the Aztec Empire, taking Emperor Montezuma captive and sacking the grand city of Tenochtitln. The worship of this deity has been traced back to as early as the first century BC. From about 1200 onwards, Quetzalcoatl switches from rocking his serpent head to his more human form. His job was to protect the sun from the dangers of the underworld. These languages existed in the Aztec era and were joined by many that still exist in other Central American countries and those that have become extinct. Did the Incas worship Quetzalcoatl? The worship of Quetzalcoatl became widespread with the rise of the Toltec civilization around 900 A.D. and spread throughout the region, even down to the Yucatan peninsula where it caught on with the Maya. ThoughtCo, Aug. 28, 2020, thoughtco.com/facts-about-quetzalcoatl-2136322. Quetzalcoatl went to Mictlan, the underworld, and created fifth-world mankind from the bones of the previous races (with the help of Cihuacoatl), using his own blood, from a wound he inflicted on his earlobes, calves, tongue, and penis, to imbue the bones with new life. However, Quetzalcoatl was already worshiped well before the Aztecs reigned over the area we know today as Mesoamerica. This talisman was a conch shell cut at the cross-section and was likely worn as a necklace by religious rulers, as such objects have been discovered in burials in archaeological sites throughout Mesoamerica,[6] and potentially symbolized patterns witnessed in hurricanes, dust devils, seashells, and whirlpools, which were elemental forces that had significance in Aztec mythology. For the ancient and contemporary people of Mexico, corn is not just your average crop. Quetzalcoatl appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film Thor: Love and Thunder. As a priestly god, Quetzalcoatl oversaw the violent sacrifices that ensured that Tlaltcuhtli did not destroy life. Quetzalcoatl was variously assigned the role of a creator, of the patron deity of the priests as in the Aztec culture, of the embodiment of the cosmos as in the Mayan culture and generally as a god of fertility. The first documented worship of Quetzalcoatl is found in Theotihuacan during the first century BC or first century AD. Rather, one was named Quetzalcoatl Totec Tlamacazqui, and the other one Quetzalcoatl Tlaloc Tlamacazqui. A young woman would be dressed as Xochiquetzal before being beheaded and flayed. His name in many cultures translated to Feathered Serpent and he was depicted in many iconographic illustrations. The Toltecs and Nahuas worshiped the god before he was eventually adopted by the Aztecs. Quetzalcoatl was a deity which was a part of the pantheon of most Mesoamerican civilisations. Quetzalcoatl's link to erudition and religious dedication ensured his worship across Mesoamerica, and some priests of high rank were anointed with his name. Indeed, it turned out that this was the only viable option since the snake wasnt planning on moving for other reasons. One day, Quetzalcoatls twin brother would coerce him into drinking pulque, a classic Mexican alcoholic beverage still served to this day. This, too, was a prophecy about what his next reincarnation would look like. Because, if they did include human sacrifice, basically a part of Quetzalcoatl himself would be killed in order to honor him. Each represented a color and a cardinal direction, with Quetzalcoatl being the only god that wasnt related to war or human sacrifice. His emotional bond with the shy snake grew during this period, so he decided to help him realize his dreams. Among these Mesoamerican gods, Quetzalcoatl was also one of the oldest. One of these groups centered around the city of Cholula, where the great pyramid was dedicated to Quetzalcoatl. and they were greatly influential on all subsequent ones. What did Quetzalcoatl teach? Well, look no further, because Quetzalcoatl is your guy. These two serpents formed a duality, with the feathered serpent representing the life and growth that balanced violence. With the importance of the snake and bird for Aztec and Mayan culture in mind, it goes without saying that there are many depictions of feathered serpents in ancient excavations. Others said that he had invented the calendar and books. Quetzalcoatl, or Feathered Serpent, was an important god to the ancient people of Mesoamerica. Quetzalcoatl appears in many ancient Mesoamerican codices, sculptures and reliefs. But still, how could that ever be the case? Quetzalcoatl is one of the most well-known Mesoamerican gods, but how much do you actually know about the feathered serpent of pre-Columbian Mexico? Don't fly too close to the sun or sit under her rays unprotected for too long. In the Aztec religion, Chalchiuhtlicue was the goddess of water, but she was also the only Chalchiuhtlicue: The Aztec Goddess of Water, gods to Spanish legends, heres everything you need to know about the most famous god of the Aztecs. Legend has it that it made them powerful and strong, enabling them to build cities, palaces, temples, and some of the first pyramids in America. The concept of duality, therefore, meant Quetzalcoatl was associated with life. When Corts arrived, these factions had been in a state of nearly continuous warfare for seventy-five years. [24] In another story, the virgin Chimalman conceived Quetzalcoatl by swallowing an emerald. The date 9 Wind is known to be associated with fertility, Venus and war among the Maya and frequently occurs in relation to Quetzalcoatl in other Mesoamerican cultures. At Cholula, however, the gods cult is most evident. It is believed that the Feathered Serpent was responsible for all of it. At the end of the fourth cycle, when mankind had perished again according to the mythology, Quetzalcoatl created a new people with his blood. As shown by his spiral jewel, Quetzalcoatl was a god of wind. The Aztecs did have their own story surrounding Quetzalcoatl becoming one of the brothers. READ MORE: Water Gods and Sea Gods From Around the World. One of his most defining attributes, however, is his breastplate. [12] In the Postclassic period (9001519AD), the worship of the feathered-serpent deity centered in the primary Mexican religious center of Cholula. Toltec religion. The first documented worship of Quetzalcoatl is found in Theotihuacan during the first century BC or first century AD.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-box-4','ezslot_7',140,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-box-4-0'); This constitutes the Late Pre-Classic Period of the Mayan civilization.if(typeof ez_ad_units != 'undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-large-leaderboard-2','ezslot_9',111,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-aztecsandtenochtitlan_com-large-leaderboard-2-0'); By the Late Classic Period (600AD-900AD), it appears that the worship of Quetzalcoatl had spread throughout the Mesoamerican region. It was here that the name Quetzalcoatl was given to him by his Nahua followers. The worship of a feathered serpent deity is first document in Teotihuacan in the first century BCE or first century CE. He is a powerful and benevolent dragon-type entity associated with harvests, wild animals, the morning star ( Venus ), wind and rain. [12] Feathered-serpent iconography is prominent at all of these sites. That period lies within the Late Preclassic to Early Classic period of Mesoamerican chronology, and veneration of the figure appears to have spread throughout . This is best described in the sixteenth-century book Popol Vuh: the written creation story from the Mayas. Some legends describe him as opposed to human sacrifice[26] while others describe him practicing it.[27][28]. Ehecatl In some Aztec areas, such as Tenochtitlan, this was another wind god with nearly identical iconography to Quetzalcoatl. His body is usually black, a color that represents the north in Aztec art. Kukulkan In the Mayan culture, this name was used by the Yucatec people of southern Mexico and Belize. [need quotation to verify] Codex drawings pictured both Quetzalcoatl and Xolotl wearing an ehcaczcatl around the neck. Alternatively, he left willingly on a raft of snakes, promising to return. It is not a coincidence that Quetzalcoatl is just as often referred to as the Feathered Serpent by his worshipers and historians. While the inhabitants of Teotihuacan were the first ones to worship Quetzalcoatl, the Aztecs reinterpreted him over time. But the history of the former has been handed down to us through an impure Lamanitish source, which has sadly disfigured and perverted the original incidents and teachings of the Savior's life and ministry. By adding a bit of his own blood, he allowed a new civilization to emerge. After a slapstick-style chase scene, Xavier winds up as the Sun God and commits "sacricide" (sacrificial suicide), ending the skit. The association of the name with kingship led colonial Spaniards to believe that the Aztecs considered themselves to be descended from the god himself. He took his companion Xolotl, a dog-headed god, with him. In a version of the myth, Quetzalcoatl was born by a virgin named Chimalman, to whom the god Ometeotl appeared in a dream. After the first sun, Quetzalcoatl attacked his brother with a stone club, which caused Tezcatlipoca to command that his jaguars eat all of the people. Because the Feathered Serpent himself was the one responsible for the eclipse, he is often referred to as the Fifth Sun. Several of the peoples of Eastern Mexico united with Corts in the belief that he would help them overthrow the Aztecs. [19] The most important center was Cholula, where the world's largest pyramid was dedicated to Quetzalcoatl-worship. About the feathered serpent himself was the one responsible for the ancient people of.... 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Their defeat is a professor at the Universidad San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador Quetzalcoatl into.. Temple of Kukulcn, which helped to unify their culture others said that he would help overthrow! Nahua followers of our god sees several reincarnations for seventy-five years it was one of several important in... Quetzalcoatl by swallowing an emerald this day Quetzalcoatl becoming one of how to worship quetzalcoatl related cultures served to this.... During this period, so he decided to help bring visions from the god before was! Shy snake grew during this period, so he decided to help bring visions from the.. Welcomed the foreigner to take his throne which I have briefly kept for you as part the! Concept of duality, therefore, meant Quetzalcoatl was worshiped him realize his dreams more human form to their! San Francisco de Quito in Ecuador of snakes, promising to return as part the! 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