names of families that owned slaves in texas
He and his wife Mary moved there themselves and he died Update 12/7/2016(CLM): I have found various references of military rank from Captain to Brigadier General. Included are land grant requests, wills, and testaments, letters of freedom and contracts of the sale of slaves. The Neal family owned a plantation in Louisburg, Franklin County, N.C. Family members who went west all trafficked enslaved people with them and had the cash to buy good farm land. In 1900, African Americans comprised 20% of the state's population of 3,048,710. Category: Texas, Slave Owners - WikiTree [8] There was intermarriage among blacks, Indians and Europeans. A large supply of cheap Mexican labor in the area made the purchase and care of a slave too expensive. Join Geni to explore your genealogy and family history in the World's Largest Family Tree. Some hid in the bayous for a time, while others lived among the Indians, and a few managed to board ships bound for northern or foreign ports. %PDF-1.6 % WebIn 1845, there were about 30,000 enslaved people in Texas. The following information is included: The records are categorized by county. Meals often consisted of bread, molasses, sweet potatoes, hominy, and beef, chicken, and pork. Most slaves, however, supplemented their basic diet with sweet potatoes, garden vegetables, wild game, and fish and were thus adequately fed. The average price of a slave, regardless of age, sex, or condition, rose from approximately $400 in 1850 to nearly $800 by 1860. [37] Urban enslaved people often had greater freedoms and opportunity. On the other hand, the institution may well have contributed in several ways to retarding commercialization and industrialization. Field hands generally labored "from sun to sun" five days a week and half a day on Saturday. Slave 509 0 obj <> endobj WebAmerican Slave Narratives - An Online Anthology. In other words, it was an underlying cause of the struggle in 18351836. At the start of the Civil War, _____ was the commander of Union troops in Texas. Over 30 of the fugitives made it safely to freedom in Mexico. Dallas, Texas 75225-0446 3 (Sep., 1898) (pp. Most runaways attempted to go to Mexico. Since the U.S. government was not in effective control of many of these territories until later in the war, many of these people proclaimed to be free by the Emancipation Proclamation were still held in servitude until those areas came back under Union control. To circumvent the law, numerous Anglo-American colonists converted their enslaved people to indentured servants, but with life terms. IMPORTANT PRIVACY NOTICE & DISCLAIMER: YOU HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO USE CAUTION WHEN DISTRIBUTING PRIVATE INFORMATION. Box 12446 Others simply called their enslaved people indentured servants without legally changing their status. Dirt floors were common, and beds attached to the walls were the only standard furnishings. Despite the fact that Texas was a slave state, however, most Texans did not own slaves. Lambert Clayton 1 15. laws in Texas. There was an auction block next to the Menger Hotel and near the Alamo. Most field hands received two sets of clothing twice each year, with a hat and coat for winter. John Butler of McIntosh, Georgia: 505 slaves. Slavery expanded rapidly during the period of the republic. Free persons of African descent were required to petition the. Masters disciplined their slaves to get the labor they wanted, and yet had to avoid many problems of resistance such as running away and feigning illness. The 1867 Voter Registration includes names of voters who registered in the period between 1867 and 1869. William Fletcher 4 6. The civil rights movement led to the U.S. Congress and President Lyndon Johnson passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which protected the rights of all citizens to integrated public facilities and enforcement of voting rights. A group of enslaved people killed the sheriff of Gonzales when he attempted to stop their going to Matamoros. In the fall of 1835, a group of almost 100enslaved people staged an uprising along the Brazos River after they heard rumors of approaching Mexican troops. A. Anderson County, Texas, Slave Owners. A Special Interest Group (SIG) of the Dallas Genealogical Society [52] By the late 19th century, Texas passed other Jim Crow laws. Almost certainly, however, many came to believe that they would be free if the South lost. [11] Under Austin's development scheme, each settler was allowed to purchase an additional 50 acres (20ha) of land for each enslaved person he brought to the territory. The Slave Narratives of Texas. Through wills and census reports found during family research, I have discovered a couple sets of ancestors who owned slaves. 25 percent. Section 9 of Constitution of the Republic of Texas read in part as follows: All persons of color who were slaves for life previous to their emigration to Texas, and who are now held in bondage, shall remain in the like state of servitude Congress shall pass no laws to prohibit emigrants from bringing their slaves into the republic with them, and holding them by the same tenure by which such slaves were held in the United States; nor shall congress have the power to emancipate slaves; nor shall any slave holder be allowed to emancipate his or her slave without the consent of congress, unless he or she shall send his or her slave or slaves without the limits of the republic. This entry belongs to the following Handbook Special Projects: We are a community-supported, non-profit organization and we humbly ask for your support because the careful and accurate recording of our history has never been more important. J. C. Jenkins of Wilkinson, Mississippi: 523 slaves. Many enslaved people ran away. Most escapees joined friendly American Indian tribes, but others settled in the East Texas forests. 2021 Texas Standard. "The Texas Slave Insurrection of 1860," by William White. I think thats what was interesting about his response, is that he didnt acknowledge that there was a history there, and that was brought out, and we know a lot more about his family history and about the enslaved people his family owned, Berry says. They may be related. [48], On some plantations, many enslaved people left immediately after hearing of the emancipation, even if their former owners offered to pay them wages. In 1836 Texas had approximately 5,000 enslaved persons in a total population estimated at 38,470. [14][15], In 1821 at the conclusion of the Mexican War of Independence, Texas was included in the new nation. The cotton industry flourished in East Texas, where enslaved labor became most widely used. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA) After, ORourke shared his reaction on the blog site Medium. The slaveholder hired William Barret Travis, a local lawyer, in an attempt to retrieve the men. John Robinson of Madison, Mississippi: 550 slaves. Millions of Texans have rare diseases. Although no major rebellions occurred, individual acts of violence against owners were carried out. The promise of ultimate deliverance helped many to resist the psychological assault of slavery. The material conditions of slave life in Texas could probably best be described as subsistence, in that most slaves had the food, shelter, and clothing necessary to live and work effectively. West Feliciana: 127 slaves. During the late 1850s, prime male field hands aged eighteen to thirty cost on the average $1,200, and skilled slaves such as blacksmiths often were valued at more than $2,000. Rarely, an enslaved person also broke horses, but generally only white men were used for that dangerous task. William Brittain 1 14. AAGIG@dallasgenealogy.org, "African American Records: Freedmen's Bureau," "African American Heritage,", African American Online Genealogy Records, George Washington Carver Museum and Genealogy Center, Texas State Historical Association: African Americans, The McGowan Funeral Home Records, 1956-1995, The Southern Migration of the Keeton and Chafer Family, Slavery Statutes - Texas: ca. FS Library976.4 D2rte Vol 1-3. [54] The drop in proportion of population reflected greatly-increased European immigration to the state in the 19th century, as well as population growth. Advocates are pushing for legislation to help them. The slave population of Texas from 1850 to 1860 increased from 58,161 to 182,566, bringing the slave population from 27 percent to 30 percent of the state total. Some felt well-treated by their owners and generally behaved as loyal servants. In August 1831, Juan Davis Bradburn, the military commander of the custom station on Upper Galveston Bay, gave asylum to two men who had escaped from slavery in Louisiana. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. O. J. Morgan, Carroll, Louisiana: 500+ slaves. On the other hand, the legislature created political segregation; it classified free residents with at least 1/8 African heritage (the equivalent to one great-grandparent) as a separate category, and abrogated their citizens' rights, prohibiting them from voting, owning property, testifying against whites in court, or intermarrying with whites. Congress shall not have the power to emancipate enslaved people. One result was the Turtle Bayou Resolutions, which were an explanation of the grievances that had led to the disturbances. See also AGRICULTURE, AFRICAN AMERICANS, CIVIL WAR, RECONSTRUCTION, and SLAVE INSURRECTIONS. [22] From 1849 until 1860, Texas tried to convince the United States government to negotiate a treaty with Mexico to permit extradition of runaways, but it did not succeed. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by family. [19] In 1832, the state passed legislation prohibiting worker contracts from lasting more than tenyears. By 1860, that number had increased to 182,566. 5 Resources. [21] By 1850, an estimated 3,000enslaved people had successfully escaped to Mexico, and an additional 1,000 crossed into Mexico between 1851 and 1855. On the other hand, western parts of Texas were still a frontier during the American Civil War. [18] A small number of enslaved were imported illegally from the West Indies or Africa. This did not mean that the majority of slaves were content with their status. %%EOF But how would they make their way in the world after 1865? Many slave families, however, were disrupted. (F. Lewis/Archive Photos via Getty Images) W hen Americans think of the slave trade, they usually imagine ships pulling into East Coast harbors not Texan ones. There were two questionnaires: one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. If they died, the boss did not suffer a monetary loss. Slaves increased their minimal self-determination by taking what they could get from their owners and then pressing for additional latitude. White Texans were fearful about revolts, and as in other southern states, rumors of uprisings took hold rapidly, often in times of economic and social tension. Several confessed to a plot by white abolitionists to avenge John Brown's execution by burning food supplies and poisoning slaveowners. [33], Many churches in Texas accepted enslaved people as members. Politically, slaveholders dominated public office holding at all levels. [1] Estevanico accompanied his enslaver Captain Andrs Dorantes de Carranza on the Narvez expedition, which landed at present-day Tampa. J. Harleston Read of Georgetown, South Carolina: 511 slaves. Although the law contained some recognition of their humanity, slaves in Texas had the legal status of personal property. Slavery guaranteed that. [7] The 1783 census for all of Texas listed a total of 36enslaved people. Sam Houston made illegal importation from Mexico a crime in 1836. 3 Research Strategy. Alfred V. Davis, Concordia, Louisiana: 500+ slaves. Alwyn Barr. Salas. [17] Most of the settlers Austin recruited came from the southern slave-owning portions of the United States. WIKITREE HOME | ABOUT | G2G FORUM | HELP | SEARCH. WebLand Records Names & Surnames Slavery & Servitude Claim Listing Sankofagen Wiki run by Karmella Haynes has a list of Arkansas Plantations and Slave Names listed by county, for counties formed prior to 1865. John Burneside of Ascension, Louisiana: 753 slaves; Saint James: 187 slaves. He tried to create a Republic of Sierra Madre in Northern Mexico but was defeated by the Mexican Army.[41]. [32] Some enslaved people lived among the cattlemen along the southern Gulf Coast and helped herd sheep and cattle. Theirs was apparently a favored position, at least in this regard. In 1860, mass hysteria ensued after a series of fires erupted throughout the state. After Jos Mara Jess Carvajal promised to return all escapees, more than 400Texans joined his revolt of 1851. Slavery in Texas - Texas Institute for the Preservation of History [23] By 1836, there were approximately 5,000 enslaved people in Texas. Early books sometimes contained the name of the former master or mistress and the name of the plantation. They survived with the help of Castillo's faith healing among the Indians. [18] Slaveholders trying to enter Mexico would force the people they enslaved to sign contracts claiming that they owed money and would work to pay the debt. 4 History. Mario Marcel, "Foundation Myth in Political Thought: The Racial Moorings of Foundation Myth", Dubugue:Kendal Hunt Publishers,2011, This page was last edited on 8 January 2023, at 01:53. On June 25, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court struck down Section 4(b) of the Voting Rights Act as unconstitutional,[55] a ruling which was shortly followed the implementation of Voter i.d. During the war, slavery in Texas was little affected, and prices for enslaved people remained high until the last few months of the war. African-, Afro-Americans throughout the Americas / Black History - Master Project, Black Washingtons of Pope's Creek Plantation, Virginia, Somerset Place Plantation, North Carolina, 9 of the Biggest Slave Owners in American History, Standing in Way of Alabama Walmart: Slave Graves. [1] For 1865 and 1866, the section on abandoned and confiscated lands includes the names of the owners of the plantations or homes that were abandoned, confiscated, or leased. WebThe U.S. census tracked the growth that followed, reporting 207 enslaved people in 1850 who made up 8% of the countys population and 1,074 enslaved people owned by 228 WebAn 1857 notice advertised the sale of two likely negroesa man named Strut and a woman named Rachel to be held at the courthouse door in Corsicana, Navarro County, Texas, to settle an estate. African Americans immediately started raising legal challenges to disfranchisement, but early Supreme Court cases, such as Giles v. Harris (1903), upheld the states. In 1865, 95% of the enslaved were illiterate.[39]. After that, he could legally transport the enslaved people and sell them in New Orleans or areas further up the Mississippi River. [11] By 1825, however, a census of Austin's Colony showed 1,347 Anglo-Americans and 443people of African descent, including a small number of free blacks. Search for "FREEDMEN - TEXAS" in the Subjects search bar to find. The effect of the institution on the state's general economic development is less clear. While settled chiefly by Anglo-Southerners after the war; with the history of ranching, some of these parts have been more associated with the Southwest than the South. In 1829 the Guerrero decree conditionally abolished slavery throughout Mexican territories. [28], The Section 9 of the General Provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Texas, ratified in 1836, made slavery legal again in Texas and defined the status of the enslaved and people of color in the Republic of Texas. Nevertheless, slavery was a curse to Texans, Black and White alike, until 1865 and beyond. 5.3 Census Records. Schedule No. The low wages the enslaved person would receive made repayment impossible, and the debt would be inherited, even though no enslaved person would receive wages until age eighteen. Shortly before 1858 he moved from Mississippi to Texas with his wife, Mary, and five children. In 1860, the Methodists claimed 7,541enslaved people among their members in Texas. It gives the county and location, a description of the house, the number of acres owned, and the number of cabins of former slaves. Lists of Slave owners with names of slaves 781 Such documents include censuses, marriage records, and medical records. P.O. [5], Both the civil and religious authorities in Spanish Texas officially encouraged freeing enslaved people, but the laws were often ignored. DAR# A105070 1. WebTexas Slave Codes 1821. [43] Later newspaper accounts revealed that most of what was confessed under torture appeared to be false. Slave owners and male By Laura RiceJuly 17, 20191:49 pmArts & Culture, History, Race & Identity. [6] Beginning in the 1740s in the Southwest, when Spanish settlers captured American Indian children, they often had them baptized and "adopted" into the homes of townspeople. Moreover, individuals with family ties were probably more easily controlled than those who had none. 5.4 Church Records. Slavery | TSLAC - Texas State Library and Archives Commission https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/slavery. Questions concerning its profitability are complex and always open to debate. The census of 1850 reported 58,161 slaves, 27.4 percent of the 212,592 people in Texas, and the census of 1860 enumerated 182,566 slaves, 30.2 percent of the total population. They fought bitterly against the disruption of their families by sale or migration and at times virtually forced masters to respect family ties. In the 1830s, the British consul estimated that approximately 500enslaved people had been illegally imported into Texas. Slave Owners 1800-1820, 1850-1860 Legally slaves were categorized as chattel (moveable property), but they were men, women and children who clearly despised their condition of servitude. In general, Texas slaves continued to work and live as they had before the war. [9] When some French and Spanish slaveholders moved to Texas, they were allowed to retain their enslaved people. Slavery in Waco. The practice was common until its abolition in 1865 with the end of the Civil War and the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution. The Brazos department, including Austin's colonies and those of Green DeWitt, had exported 600,000 pesos worth of goods, including 5,000 bales of cotton. WebThe enslavement of African Americans was the curse of early American life, and Texas was no exception. Levi Anderson 1 13. Most lived with a certain amount of fear of their supposedly happy servants, for the slightest threat of a slave rebellion could touch off a violent reaction. WebTruly giant slaveholders such as Robert and D. G. Mills, who owned more than 300 slaves in 1860 (the largest holding in Texas), had plantations in this area, and the population [9] Of these, only 15 were enslaved, 4males and 11females. Levin R. Marshall, Concordia (2), Louisiana: 248 slaves. Black Slaveowners That Will Tear Apart Historical Perception Were there slaves in Dallas? Curious Texas investigates 4 Cotton plantations. Slaves in general did not lash out constantly against all the limits placed on them that would have brought intolerable punishment but they did not surrender totally to the system, either. , and his wife Amy, are descendants of slave owners. The central part of the state was dominated by subsistence farmers. But his response to me opens up a door for families generations of descendants of slaveholders and descendants of slave people to have open dialogue of this institution.. It replaced the pro-Union governor, Sam Houston, in the process. WebThe Neals, Foxes, and Timberlakes were all white families of at least moderate wealth that was dependent upon the forced labor of enslaved people. FS Library 973 D25ngs. Black Texans: A History of African Americans in Texas, 1528-1995 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996, 2nd Edition). They therefore followed a basic human instinct and sought to survive on the best terms possible. Sean M. Kelley, Los Brazos de Dios: A Plantation Society in the Texas Borderlands, 1821- 1865 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2010). Slave houses were usually small log cabins with fireplaces for cooking. WebAnd for greater certainty I here give the names of the slaves mentioned and intended to pass to said children by this my 5th bequeath to the best of my resolution, to wit, 1 Scott 2 All slaves had to live with the knowledge that their families could be broken up, and yet the basic social unit survived. I look at this and many of these opportunities as a place to teach and educate our country on our history because this is a part of our history that weve often sort of tucked under the rug or didnt give the details of that history, Berry says. Andrew Lyda 3 8. Sugar. WebThe Confederate gov ernment required many slave holders to provide slaves to work at military fortifications and other facilities throughout the South. Slave plantations were concentrated along the low-lying farmlands of East Texas. On June 19, 1865, Union General Gordon Granger and over 2,000 federal troops arrived at Galveston Island to take possession of the state and enforce the two-year-old Emancipation Proclamation. The governors feared the growth in the Anglo-American population in Texas, and for various reasons, by the early 19th century, they and their superiors in Mexico City disapproved of expanding slavery. 0 A list of resources for African American research of ancestors who lived in Texas. [35] Enslaved people often lived similarly to poor whites in Texas, especially those new to the territory and just getting started. Americans of European extraction and enslaved people contributed greatly to the population growth in the Republic and State of Texas. [45][i][ii][iii], Texas seceded from the United States in 1861 and joined the Confederate States of America on the eve of the American Civil War. Once established as an economic institution, slavery became a key social institution as well. R. R. Barrow, Lafourche, Louisiana: 74 slaves; Terrebonne: 399 slaves. States that had used it adopted other means to keep most African Americans from voting. They had no property rights themselves and no legal rights of marriage and family. The payrolls for that slave Tyler, Ronnie C. and Lawrence R. Murphy. [3] Five years later, in September 1534, they escaped to the interior. Currently, there are only plantations listed for Chicot County, Jefferson County, Ouachita County, and Phillips County. They listened as best they could for any war news and passed it around among themselves, and no doubt many heard of Abraham Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, announcing that all slaves behind Confederate lines on January 1, 1863, would be freed. Instead, the majority recognized all the controls such as slave patrols that existed to keep them in bondage and saw also that runaways and rebels generally paid heavy prices for overt resistance. Voter's registrations are among the few records which document African American males prior to 1870. Welcome to Geni, home of the world's largest family tree. American slavery was preeminently an economic institutiona system of unfree labor used to produce cash crops for profit. Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), Constitution of the State of Coahuila and Texas, http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml. In part due to the trade in enslaved people, New Orleans was the fourth largest city in the US in 1840 and one of the wealthiest. White society as a whole in antebellum Texas was dominated by its slaveholding minority. Eliza Denwoo Henry David Rhodes, planter, was born in Alabama about 1819. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. American slave owners or slaveholders were owners of slaves in the United States which typically worked either as agriculture laborers or house servants. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. The great majority of slaves in Texas came with their owners from the older slave states. Abraham Kuykendall 5 5. Texans worried constantly that the Mexicans were going to free their slaves or at least cause servile insurrection. Slavery in Texas was not a matter of content, well-cared for servants as idealized in some views of the Old South. It was Sarah Devereux that kept the plantation producing after Julien's death. Married Elizabeth Towles 1803. The collection is organized alphabetically by state, then city where the bank was located, then date the account was established, then account number. Instead, place individual profiles into the category corresponding to the county of Texas where they held enslaved persons. In short, from 1821 to 1836, the national government in Mexico City and the state government of Coahuila and Texas often threatened to restrict or destroy African American servitude, but always allowed settlers in Texas a loophole or an exemption. Wood was born into slavery in the early 19th century on a Kentucky farm owned by a man named Moses Tousey, McDaniel writes. Dallas, TX Instead, slaves exercised a degree of agency in their lives by maximizing the time available within the system to maintain physical, psychological and spiritual strength. A small minority (about 6 percent) of the slaves in Texas did not belong to farmers or planters but lived instead in the state's towns, working as domestic servants, day laborers, and mechanics (see SLAVERY, URBAN). Slavery was also vital socially because it reflected basic racial views. After slavery, African Americans went on to establish towns in Texas. WebThe British newspaper The Guardian reported this week that Democratic presidential candidate, and former Texas Congressman Beto ORourke, and his wife Amy, are Before The Guardian interviewed him for the story, he said neither he nor Amy knew that side of their heritage. [11] Anglo-American immigration to the province slowed at this point, with settlers angry about the changing rules.
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