niosh annual firefighter fatality study 2020

The marker information window displays The total for the year is 96. views will include only deaths matching your search criteria. Report:NFPA's "FirefighterFatalities in the US in 2021" BY RITA F. FAHY, JAY T. PETRILLO & ANGELO VERZONI. incident location data the site is not intended for advanced geospatial analyses. Research shows COVID infections are to blame. This report contains overall statistics from NFPA's study on on-duty firefighter fatalities in 2021. used in this mapping application, the site is independent of the USFA, and there Last year, a total of 140 firefighters in the United States died while on the jobmore than double the figure reported in 2019. Death in the Line of DutyA summary of a NIOSH fire fighter fatality investigation F2018-06 Date Released: May 22, 2019 On March 22, 2018, two male career fire fighters, ages 50 and 29, died following a structure collapse while working to extinguish hot spots following a . New Content WASHINGTON D.C.-- A landmark study issued today by the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) shows that the size of firefighting crews has a substantial effect on the fire service's ability to protect lives and property in residential fires. Two firefighters were murdered while on duty in 2020one while investigating a report of smoke and the other during an arson investigation. The largest share of firefighter deaths occurred on the fire ground (20 deaths), and included 10 deaths on wildland fires, nine at structure fires, and one at an illegal outside burn. As of 1/4/2020, he. Investigations Lt. Edward Walsh and firefighter. The . NIOSH update on U.S. firefighter cancer study - FireRescue1 Be prepared. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. . Data are updated as new information is obtained. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program recently released its report on the death of a Massachusetts. SCBA What You Want to Know NIOSH approves self-contained breathing apparatus for first responders to to use during terrorist attacks. Privacy Policy Investigation Steps With the December 2003 passage of the Hometown Heroes Survivor Benefits Act, fire fighter heart attack and stroke related deaths that occurred within 24 hours of qualifying on-duty activities have been included as on-duty deaths. a list of deaths with the same location attribute, although the deaths may have The statistics view provides tables of fire fighter characteristics the right-hand check boxes and pull-down lists, the map, statistics, and case listing The upcoming NFPA report will focus mainly on these non-COVID deaths. investigations with incident data from the U.S. Fire Administration (USFA) to: (1) at the same time. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. In an interactive map format, this site identifies fire fighter deaths that have "pending" or "completed" investigations. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. At 0444 hours, a 3rd Alarm was transmitted for Box 5-49. As L502 moved toward Side Charlie, L502 heard an end-of-service time indicator (EOSTI) sounding and found L403. National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 2022, . Thus, the number of Fire Fighter Fatalities displayed in the Search Criteria block rarely will match the number of deaths listed in the table. Below are key findings from the research. The firefighters who died last year included 27 volunteer firefighters, 23 career firefighters, 10 employees or contractors of state and federal land management agencies, and two members of the military. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. All information these cookies collect is aggregated and therefore anonymous. indicate deaths with the same location attribute, but the deaths may not have occurred is no implied or expressed endorsement of the content, results, or presentation To select a range of years, hold the Shift key down while clicking the first and Firefighters - U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Firefighters died from activities at a fire scene. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. markers indicate an ongoing NIOSH investigation. Engine 5 reported a working fire. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Yellow Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program (FFFIPP) NIOSH Report Released on Fire That Killed Two Boston Firefighters About 28,000 openings for firefighters are projected each year, on average, over the decade. identify fire fighter fatalities being investigated by NIOSH; (2) identify completed NIOSH Fire Fighter Fatality Investigative Reports - Buildingsonfire investigations nor edited to match final NIOSH report data. These cookies perform functions like remembering presentation options or choices and, in some cases, delivery of web content that based on self-identified area of interests. CDC twenty four seven. This meeting elicited valuable insights from the fire service community regarding the activities and plans of the NIOSH Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program. Ladder 4, Ladder 5, and a firefighter from Engine 4 were operating on the 2nd floor trying to knock down the fire on this floor. These cookies allow us to count visits and traffic sources so we can measure and improve the performance of our site. Activities may include operations at a fire or non-fire incident, responding to/from an incident, completing other officially assigned duties (e.g., training, maintenance, inspection), and on standby duty. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Information in this factsheet includes the goal of the FFFIPP, the types of investigations FFFIPP conducts, as well as how investigations are conducted. The purpose of this study is to determine v the specific search criteria selected. Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation & Prevention Program (FFFIPP) At 0428 hours, Ladder 7 was positioned in front of the building and the tower ladder was put in service for roof ventilation. These statistics mirror other nationwide trends, which have continued into 2021. Firefighters Killed When Struck by Vehicles, Firefighter Fatalities in the United States - 2020, US Fire Service Fatalities at Structure Fires, US Firefighter Deaths Related to Training, U.S. Firefighter Fatalities in High-Rise Building Fires, 2006-2015, U.S. Firefighter Deaths While at the Fire Station, U.S. Firefighter Fatalities Due to Wildland Fires, 2001-2015, Firefighter deaths by cause and nature of injury, irefighter fire ground injuries by nature of injury, Deadliest fires with 5 or more firefighter deaths at the fire ground, Deadliest incidents resulting in the deaths of 8 or more firefighters, Top 10 deadliest wildland firefighter fatality incidents. Cookies used to enable you to share pages and content that you find interesting on CDC.gov through third party social networking and other websites. Firefighter Fatalities in the . A blue Data displayed Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. The multiple data views provide a wide spectrum The video also presents 6 proven tactics to keep firefighters safe when fighting row house fires. of possible uses for a broad audience. It includes patterns by type of duty at time of fatal injury, cause and nature of injury, age, type of incident and type of property involved in fires. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. These cookies may also be used for advertising purposes by these third parties. A current longitudinal study of the entire OSHA database on crystalline silica dust exposures (1984-2013) supports changing the OSHA PEL to the NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL) of 50 g . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. Thus, in a hypothetical population of 100 career . L502 started looking for a window to escape because the 2nd floor was getting hot. A summary of the Fire Service Community Meeting held on June 27, 2022 was posted to Regulations.gov. What some people may not realize is that the majority of fire department emergency calls in the US are medical calls, said Curt Floyd, responder technical lead at NFPA. The U. S. Fire Administration tracks and collects information on the causes of on-duty firefighter fatalities that occur in the United States. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. We take your privacy seriously. and indicated in the map and case listing views. At 0446 hours, the officer of Ladder 5 transmitted a Mayday for crews trapped on the 2nd floor. Staffing Studies | NIST Current reports and products by month. Completed investigations have links to final reports. NIOSH's FFFIPP initiated 282 firefighter investigations during this period capturing 306 (41%) of the 742 fatalities reported by the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA): Only select traumatic injury and medical line-of-duty deaths are investigated through the FFFIPP. The fire was reported in a three-story occupied duplex apartment building. FAQ - Firefighter Cancer Support Network Thirty-five were volunteer firefighters, 27 were career firefighters, seven were contractors to state and federal land management agencies, and one was a member of an industrial fire department. USFA.FEMA.gov E402 was able to get to a bedroom window on the Side Alpha/Delta corner and was removed via a ground ladder. Interactive tool to explore firefighter line-of-duty-deaths. The applications search capabilities allow users to focus on specific characteristics Also, individual deaths may be assigned one or more medical or trauma classifications. Clicking on an individual case in the list opens a detailed info window Volunteer fire fighter died after being struck by an eighteen-wheel tractor trailer truck - South Carolina. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. curriculum on firefighter recruits. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. or types of fatality investigations. With the exception of NIOSH Investigation Status and the NIOSH medical/trauma completed investigation case classifications, all fatality characteristics displayed in the table are based on the incident characteristics provided by the USFA. The fire was declared under control at approximately 0651 hours. Learn how NIOSH conducted the largest study of U.S. firefighters ever undertaken, researching whether the group has a higher risk of cancer due to job exposures. Terms of Use We do very much worry about people from the World Trade Center incident, a New York City hospital system spokesperson said in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Red markers indicate other on-duty fire fighter deaths that Firefighter fatalities in the United States | NFPA June 2020 DHHS (NIOSH) Publication Number 2020-127 This factsheet describes the NIOSH Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation Prevention Program (FFFIPP), which is a public health program that conducts independent investigations of select career and volunteer firefighter line-of-duty deaths. PDF: 99-F33: Aug 31, 1999: Motor-vehicle incident claims the life of a volunteer fire fighter and injures a lieutenant and another fire fighter - South Carolina. Thank you for taking the time to confirm your preferences. TheNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)recently undertook two large studies focused on firefighter cancer and concluded that firefighters face a 9 percent increase in cancer diagnoses, and a 14 percent increase in cancer-related deaths, compared to the general population in the U.S. NIOSH has also reported on the risk to firefighters ofcardiovascular conditions. The Safeguarding Americas First Responders Act allows PSOB to recognize the eligibility of COVID-19 diagnoses for firefighters within 45 days of their last day on duty. U.S. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. This annual study includes only on-duty firefighter fatalities that occurred in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Structure Fires in Religious and Funeral Properties, Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood Buildings, Phase 2: Tasks 2 & 3 Development and Implementation of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Compartment Fire Tests, Phase 2: Task 4 Engineering Analysis and Computer Simulations, Phase 2: Task 5 Experimental Study of Delamination of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) in Fire, Chimney Top Devices in International Codes, Impact of Chimney-top Appurtenances on Flue Gas Flow, Egress Modelling in health Care Occupancies, Total Evac Systems for Tall Buildings Literature Review, Total evacuation systems for tall buildings, Pilot Evaluation of the Remembering When Program in Five Communities in Iowa, Aircraft Loading Walkways Literature and Information Review, Evaluating Occupant Load Factors for Ambulatory Health Care Facilities, Determining Self-Preservation Capability in Pre-School Children, Disaster Resiliency and NFPA Codes and Standards, Validation of the Fire Safety Evaluation System in the 2013 Edition of NFPA 101A, Non-Fire Hazard Provisions in NFPA Codes and Standards: A Literature Review, Fire Safety Challenges of Green Buildings, Archived reports - Building and life safety, Audible Alarm Signal Waking Effectiveness: Literature Review, Carbon Monoxide Incidents: A Review of the Data Landscape, Combustible Gas Dispersion in Residential Occupancies and Detector Location Analysis, Door Messaging Strategies: Implications for Detection and Notification, Evaluation of the Responsiveness of Occupants to Fire Alarms in Buildings: Phase 1, Review of Alarm Technologies for Deaf and Hard of Hearing Populations, Smoke Detector Spacing for High Ceiling Spaces, Smoke Alarm Nuisance Source Characterization: Experimental Results, Smoke Alarm Nuisance Source Characterization Phase 1, Fire Alarms and People with ASD: A Literature Summary, Guidance Document: Emergency Communication Strategies for Buildings, Parameters for Indirect Viewing of Visual Signals USed in Emergency Notification, Carbon Monoxide Diffusion through Porous Walls: A Critical Review of Literature and Incidents, Carbon Monoxide Toxicology: Overview of Altitude Effects on the Uptake and Dissociation of COHb and Oxygen in Human Blood, Archived reports - Detection and signaling, Electric Circuit Data Collection: An Analysis of Health Care Facilities, Fire resistance of concrete for electrical conductors, Fatal Electrical Injuries of Contract Workers, Occupational Injuries from Electrical Shock and Arc Flash Events, Assessment of Hazardous Voltage/Current in Marinas, Boatyards and Floating Buildings, Emergency Response to Incident Involving Electric Vehicle Battery Hazards, Electric/Hybrid Vehicle Safety Training for Emergency Responders, Development of Fire Mitigations Solutions for PV Systems Installed on Building Roofs - Phase 1, Evaluation of Electrical Feeder and Branch Circuit Loading: Phase 1, Electronic cigarette explosions and fires, Data Assessment for Electrical Surge Protection Devices, Analytical Modeling of Pan and Oil Heating On an Electric Coil Cooktop, Development of Standardized Cooking Fires for Evaluation of Prevention Technologies, Commercial Roof-Mounted Photovoltaic System Installation Best Practices Review and All Hazard Assessment, Residential Electrical Fire Problem: The Data Landscape, NFPA 1700 Training Materials: Development of Training Materials to Support the Implementation of NFPA 1700, Guide for Structural Fire Fighting, Literature Review on Spaceport Fire Safety, An Analysis of Public Safety Call Answering and Event Processing Times, Development of real-time particulate and toxic gas sensors for firefighter health and safety, Economic Impact of Firefighter Injuries in the United States, Evaluating Data and Voice Signals in Pathway Survivable Cables for Life Safety Systems, Fire and Emergency Service Personnel Knowledge and Skills Proficiency, Incidents with Three or More Firefighter Deaths, Firefighter deaths by cause and nature of injury table, Deadliest fires with 5 or more firefighter deaths at the fire ground table, Incidents resulting in the deaths of 8 or more firefighters table, Top 10 Deadliest Wildland Firefighter Fatality Incidents table, Fireground Exposure of Firefighters A Literature Review, Flammable refrigerants firefighter training: Hazard assessment and demonstrative testing, Next Generation Smart and Connected Fire Fighter System, Public Safety Small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) Compliance Training: Literature Review & Use Case Study, Review of Emergency Responder Standard Operating Procedures/Guidelines (SOP/SOG), Patterns of Female Firefighter Injuries on the Fireground, Evaluation of the Performance of Station Wear Worn under a NFPA 1971 Structural Fire Fighter Protective Ensemble, Recommendations for Developing and Implementing a Fire Service Contamination Control Campaign, Non-Destructive Assessment of Outer Shell Degradation for Firefighter Turnouts, Fire Fighter Equipment Operational Environment: Evaluation of Thermal Conditions, Developing a Research Roadmap for the Smart Fire Fighter of the Future, Evaluation and Enhancement of Fire Fighter PASS EffectivenessSection Page, Development of Permeation Test Method for Zippers and Other Closures, Evaluation of Intrinsic Safety for Emergency Responder Electronic Safety Equipment, Automotive Fire Apparatus Tire Replacement, Risk-Based Decision Support in Managing Unwanted Alarms, Impact of Fixed Fire Fighting Systems on Road Tunnel Resilience, Ventilation and Other Systems, High Hazard Flammable Trains (HHFT) On-Scene Incident Commander Field Guide, Liquid Petroleum Pipeline Emergencies On-Scene Incident Commander Field Guide, Analysis of Recruit Initial Fire Fighter Training Curricula, Using Crowdsourcing to Address Electric Vehicle Fires, Evaluation of Fire Service Training Fires, Development of an Environmental and Economic Assessment Tool (Enveco Tool) for Fire Events, Fire Based Mobile Integrated Healthcare and Community Paramedicine (MIH & CP) Data and Resources, Combustible Dust Flame Propagation and Quenching in Pipes and Ducts, Light Gas (Hydrogen) Dispersion Screening Tool, Variables Impacting the Probability and Severity of Dust Explosions in Dust Collectors, Evaluation of fire and explosion hazard of nanoparticles, Fire Hazard Assessment of Lead-Acid Batteries, Influence of particle size and moisture content of wood particulates on deflagration hazard, Vapor mitigation testing using fixed water spray system, Variables Associated with the Classification of Ammonium Nitrate | NFPA, Separation Distances in NFPA Codes and Standards, Evaluation of the Fire Hazard of ASHRAE Class A3 Refrigerants in Commercial Refrigeration Applications, Hazardous Waste Treatment Storage and Disposal Facility Fire Code Gap Analysis, Estimation of Fireball Dimensions from NFPA 68, LNG model evaluation protocol and validation database update, Hazard Assessment of Lithium Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems, Lithium ion batteries hazard and use assessment, Impact of Elevated Walkways in Storage on Sprinkler Protection - Phase 1, Impact of Home Fire Sprinkler System Requirements in California, Impact of Obstructions on Spray Sprinklers Phase I, Obstructions and Early Suppression Fast Response Sprinklers, Review of Oxygen Reduction Systems for Warehouse Storage Applications, Sprinkler Protection Guidance for Lithium-Ion Based Energy Storage Systems, Stakeholder Perceptions of Home Fire Sprinklers, Applying Reliability Based Decision Making to ITM Frequency, Storage Protection in the Presence of Horizontal Barriers or Solid Shelving Literature Review, Protection of Storage Under Sloped Ceilings, Fire Department Connection Inlet Flow Assessment, Use of Gaseous Suppression Systems in High Air Flow Environments - Phase 1, Quantification of Water Flow Data Adjustments for Sprinkler System Design, Water-Based Fire Protection System Tagging Review, Addressing the Performance of Sprinkler Systems: NFPA 25 and Other Strategies, Foam Application for High Hazard Flammable Train (HHFT) Fires, Impact of Fire Extinguisher Agents on Cultural Resource Materials, Protection of Exposed Expanded Group A Plastics, Literature Review on Hybrid Fire Suppression Systems, Evaluation of Water Additives for Fire Control, Fire ember production from wildland and structural fuels, WUI-NITY: a platform for the simulation of wildland-urban interface fire evacuation, Pathways for Building Fire Spread at the Wildland Urban Interface, A Collection of Geospatial Technological Approaches for Wildland and Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) Fire Events, Flammable refrigerants: Fire Fighter Training Material Development Workshop, NFPA Building Safety and Security Workshop, Workshop on School Safety, Codes and Security - December 2014, Preparing for Disaster: Workshop on Advancing WUI Resilience, Public Safety sUAS Compliance Training Workshop, Global Research Update: High Challenge Storage Protection, Workshop for Survey on Usage and Functionality of Smoke Alarms and CO Alarms in Households, Big Data and Fire Protection Systems Workshop, Power Over the Ethernet (PoE) Summit: Next Steps, Workshop on Energy Storage Systems and the Built Environment, Marina Shock Hazard Research Planning Workshop, Property Insurance Research Group Forum on PV Panel Fire Risk, Workshop on Smart Buildings and Fire Safety, The Next Five Years in Fire and Electrical Safety, Resiliency and Emergency Preparedness Workshop, Workshop Proceedings on Emergency Responder Vehicles, Fire Hose Workshop in Support of the Technical Committee, Competencies for Responders to Incidents of Flammable Liquids in Transport Developing a Codes and Standards Roadmap, Workshop on Key Performance Capabilities and Competencies for High Hazard Incident Commander, Workshop on International Wildfire Risk Reduction, Wildland and WUI Fire Research Planning Workshop, Wildland Urban Interface Land Use Policy Workshop, Economic Impact of Codes and Standards: A Workshop on Needs and Resources, Energy Storage Systems (ESS) and Solar Safety, Campaign for Fire Service Contamination Control, Environmental impact of fire - Research road map, WUINITY a platform for the simulation of wildlandurban interface fire evacuation, Protection of Storage Under Sloped Ceilings Phase 3, Safe Quantity of Open Medical Gas Storage in a Smoke Compartment, PPE and Fire Service Gear Cleaning Validation, Stranded Energy within Lithium-Ion Batteries, Fire Fighter Flammable Refrigerant Training, Influence of wood particulate size and moisture content on deflagration hazard, Enhancing Incident Commander Competencies for Management of Incidents Involving Pipeline and Rail Car Spills of Flammable Liquids, The Fire Protection Research Foundation's 40th Anniversary, NFPA Community Risk Assessment Pilot Project, About the NFPA Research Library and Archives, Firefighter Injuries in the United States in 2019, Large-Loss Fires in the United States in 2019, Catastrophic Fires and Explosions in the United States in 2019, Catastrophic Multiple-Death Fires and Explosions by Type in 2019, Report: Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 2019, Selected 2019 US Firefighter Fatality Incidents, Addressing Stranded Energy Starts with Learning More About It, 2018 Large-Loss Fires and Explosions in the United States Report, Selected 2018 US Firefighter Injury Incidents, Nonmetallic tubes: No longer a pipe dream, International: Again, Russian mall fires spark outcry, suspicion, 2018 Fire Loss in the United States report, 2018 Catastrophic Multiple-Death Fires Report, Firefighter Fatalities in the United States in 2018, Selected 2018 US Firefighter Fatality Incidents, 2017 Catastrophic Multiple Death Fire Report, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). United States: 2007-2016 . Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation Report F2018-18 | NIOSH | CDC The largest share of deaths occurred while firefighters were operating at fires or explosions (28 deaths). NIOSH: Firefighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program The Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program conducts independent investigations of firefighter line-of-duty deaths and recommends ways to prevent deaths and injuries. This continues the clear downward trend in deaths since the late 1970s, when the number of fireground deaths averaged more than 80 per year. Saving Lives, Protecting People, Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation These are the findings of a new NFPA report that will be published in October. Challenges and Tactics of Fighting Row House Fires. Firefighters who died on the job in 2020 ranged in age from 18 to 72, with a median age of 48. Find a respirator user notice. Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program. Selecting specific search criteria by checking selection boxes or using the pull-down Completed NIOSH investigative reports Sudden cardiac death claimed the lives of three during physical fitness activities. Firefighter deaths by cause and nature of injury - NFPA The listing includes NIOSH investigation status indicators to investigate a fatal incident, the map status indicator is changed to "pending." L502 entered a bedroom and found a window on Side Charlie, broke the window, called a Mayday on the radio, and started yelling for help. Nine of these 18 firefighters suffered fatal cardiac events and three suffered strokes. Almost two-thirds of the firefighters over age 45 who died in 2020 died of heart attacks or other cardiac events. A firefighter from Ladder 5 (L502) and a firefighter from Ladder 4 (L403) were separated from the other crews and from each other. NIOSH's Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation Although NIOSH gratefully acknowledges the assistance of the USFA in providing data They help us to know which pages are the most and least popular and see how visitors move around the site. Updated 7/20 2019. Engine 5 initially stretched a 1-inch hoseline to Side Alpha. PDF Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries Summary, 2021 Firefighter Fatalities in the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. At 0402 hours, Engine 5 arrived on scene with smoke showing from underneath the front porch. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. ANGELO VERZONI is associate editor of NFPA Journal. This could include wearing masks, gowns, face shields, and gloves. The incident month and year and the sex, rank, Firefighter Autopsy Protocol National Fire Academy Responder Health and Safety courses the map status indicator is changed to "completed" and the report is linked. details Search Criteria: By selecting specific case characteristics using NIOSH Fire Fighter Fatality Map - Centers for Disease Control and RELATED: Read the NFPA report on 2019 on-duty firefighter fatalities in the US The percentage of medical calls versus fire calls fluctuates from region to region, but recent data shows the average fire department is only seeing about 4 percent fire calls while about 65 percent are medical aid or rescue calls. Be safe. Map locations: All fatality locations are approximate. In 2020, the National Law Enforcement Officer Memorial Fund confirmed 145 COVID-related deaths among police officers. In an interactive map format, this site identifies fire fighter deaths that have "pending" or "completed" Saving Lives, Protecting People, The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Fire Fighter Fatality Investigation and Prevention Program (FFFIPP), U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.

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