german unification ap euro

[116] The May Laws of 1873 brought the appointment of priests, and their education, under the control of the state, resulting in the closure of many seminaries, and a shortage of priests. How were they to be organized? German economist Friedrich List called the railways and the Customs Union "Siamese Twins", emphasizing their important relationship to one another. On 15 November 1863, Christian IX became king of Denmark and duke of Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg, which the Danish king held in personal union. [123], For the 1871 ceremonial event marking completion of unification, see, Administrative areas after the unification of the, Dissolution of the Old Empire by the Napoleonic Continental System, Rise of German nationalism under Napoleon, Congress of Vienna and the rise of German dualism, Emergence of liberal nationalism and conservative response, German revolutions and Polish uprising of 184849, The aborted 184849 German Empire in retrospective analysis, Problem of spheres of influence: The Erfurt Union and the Punctation of Olmtz, External expectations of a unified Germany, Peace of Prague and the North German Confederation, Unified Italy and Austro-Hungarian Compromise, Open hostilities and the disastrous end of the Second French Empire, War as the capstone of the unification process, Internal political and administrative unification, Historical arguments and the Empire's social anatomy, Beyond the political mechanism: forming a nation, Although the Prussian army had gained its reputation in the. [119], Another important element in nation-building, the story of the heroic past, fell to such nationalist German historians as the liberal constitutionalist Friedrich Dahlmann (17851860), his conservative student Heinrich von Treitschke (18341896), and others less conservative, such as Theodor Mommsen (18171903) and Heinrich von Sybel (18171895), to name two. Military successesespecially those of Prussiain three regional wars generated enthusiasm and pride that politicians could harness to promote unification. [77], Opposition to Prussia's strong-armed tactics surfaced in other social and political groups. [7], The debacle in Russia loosened the French grip on the German princes. While the liberals failed to achieve the unification they sought, they did manage to gain a partial victory by working with the German princes on many constitutional issues and collaborating with them on reforms. . Austria's sphere expanded throughout much of the Central European territories formerly held by the Holy Roman Empire. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un vowed to strengthen state control over agriculture and take a spate of other steps to increase grain production . In 1870 Italy and Germany were unified. Prussia won and directly annexed some of the German states that had sided . Even after the end of the Holy Roman Empire, this competition influenced the growth and development of nationalist movements in the 19th century. The Prussian cabinet saw German unity as an issue of power and a question of who had the strength and will to wield that power. [12], Problematically, the built-in Austrian dominance failed to take into account Prussia's 18th-century emergence in Imperial politics. Austria's Duel Monarchy- In 1867 the Germans tried a new method of unitifiction. The blockades on the Rhine had been removed by Napoleon's orders, but by the 1820s, steam engines freed riverboats from the cumbersome system of men and animals that towed them upstream. The king of Prussia as emperor and Bismarck as chancellor had complete authority over foreign affairs and the army. Rural farmer. [99] Nevertheless, in January, the Germans fired some 12,000 shells, 300400 grenades daily into the city. '", Kocka, Jrgen and Mitchell, Allan. The engagement resulted in a decisive victory for the Coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Saxony, and Sweden. [19], Despite considerable conservative reaction, ideas of unity joined with notions of popular sovereignty in German-speaking lands. They traced the roots of the German language, and drew its different lines of development together. The negotiators at Vienna took no account of Prussia's growing strength within and declined to create a second coalition of the German states under Prussia's influence, and so failed to foresee that Prussia would rise to challenge Austria for leadership of the German peoples. A liberal professor, historian, and theologian, and generally a titan among late 19th-century scholars, Mommsen served as a delegate to the Prussian House of Representatives from 1863 to 1866 and 1873 to 1879; he also served as a delegate to the Reichstag from 1881 to 1884, for the liberal German Progress Party (Deutsche Fortschrittspartei) and later for the National Liberal Party. Different groups offered different solutions to this problem. The four major reasons behind the unification of Germany are the role of Bismark, the strength of the Prussian economy, the decline of Austria, and the military power of Prussia. The story continues by drawing on Prussia's role in saving Germans from the resurgence of Napoleon's power in 1815, at Waterloo, creating some semblance of economic unity, and uniting Germans under one proud flag after 1871. Played 22 times. By 1835, Heinrich von Gagern wrote that roads were the "veins and arteries of the body politic" and predicted that they would promote freedom, independence and prosperity. Italy had its own way of unifying. He was also an ardent German nationalist. [31], By the early 19th century, German roads had deteriorated to an appalling extent. Cengage Learning, 2016. AP European History. [113], A key element of the nation-state is the creation of a national culture, frequentlyalthough not necessarilythrough deliberate national policy. "German History before Hitler: The Debate about the German Sonderweg. emphasized their distinctiveness for not only the Christian Germans, but for the local Jewish populations as well. Nor did it develop particularly early, being rather a largely mid-to-late-19th-century phenomenon. [48] Failure to achieve unification in 1848, this argument holds, resulted in the late formation of the nation-state in 1871, which in turn delayed the development of positive national values. If a European state declared war on one of their members, then they all would come to the defense of the attacked state. Bismarck's path to unification came through diplomacy and war. His guides also included distances, roads to avoid, and hiking paths to follow. While Bismarck provided some liberal concessions, such as universal male suffrage, the constitution of the Empire ensured Prussian and aristocratic dominance in the legislature. Wagner hoped that by the time the overture reached its crescendo, the music would have suitably "unified" the audience. Consequently, these decrees drove the Burschenschaften underground, restricted the publication of nationalist materials, expanded censorship of the press and private correspondence, and limited academic speech by prohibiting university professors from encouraging nationalist discussion. [22] Promoted as a county fair,[23] its participants celebrated fraternity, liberty, and national unity. Moreover, the creation of the German Empire necessitated that various political and socio-economic interests either were suppressed or incorporated into the broader national structure. [35] He was not alone: the poet August Heinrich Hoffmann von Fallersleben wrote a poem in which he extolled the virtues of the Zollverein, which he began with a list of commodities that had contributed more to German unity than politics or diplomacy. Although seemingly minor events, the Erfurt Union proposal and the Punctation of Olmtz brought the problems of influence in the German states into sharp focus. In 1850, inland shipping carried three times more freight than railroads; by 1870, the situation was reversed, and railroads carried four times more. As the rail network expanded, it became cheaper to transport goods: in 1840, 18 Pfennigs per ton per kilometer and in 1870, five Pfennigs. Their governance varied: they included free imperial cities, also of different sizes, such as the powerful Augsburg and the minuscule Weil der Stadt; ecclesiastical territories, also of varying sizes and influence, such as the wealthy Abbey of Reichenau and the powerful Archbishopric of Cologne; and dynastic states such as Wrttemberg. Bismarck had "cut his teeth" on German politics, and German politicians, in Frankfurt: a quintessential politician, Bismarck had built his power-base by absorbing and co-opting measures from throughout the political spectrum. The unifications were different. . 465 -466 During the first half of the nineteenth century, nationalism was most often connected to liberalism. Initially, the Danes attempted to defend their country using an ancient earthen wall known as the Danevirke, but this proved futile. This system reorganized Europe into spheres of influence, which, in some cases, suppressed the aspirations of the various nationalities, including the Germans and Italians. Expand All The Burschenschaft student organizations and popular demonstrations, such as those held at Wartburg Castle in October 1817, contributed to a growing sense of unity among German speakers of Central Europe. The new empire functioned largely as a federation, with Prussia as the dominant state. [61], King Frederick William IV suffered a stroke in 1857 and could no longer rule. The states south of the Main River (Baden, Wrttemberg, and Bavaria) signed separate treaties requiring them to pay indemnities and to form alliances bringing them into Prussia's sphere of influence. As a result, Germany after unification was forced to modify and adapt its political situation to accommodate dissenting political opinions and national and religious minorities. Furthermore, since he trusted neither Moltke nor Roon, he was reluctant to enter a military enterprise over which he would have no control. The other states retained their own governments, but the military forces of the smaller states came under Prussian control. [40] Karl Baedeker wrote guidebooks to different cities and regions of Central Europe, indicating places to stay, sites to visit, and giving a short history of castles, battlefields, famous buildings, and famous people. In practice Young Europe lacked the money and popular support for more than a short-term existence. [49] Furthermore, this argument maintains, the "failure" of 1848 reaffirmed latent aristocratic longings among the German middle class; consequently, this group never developed a self-conscious program of modernization. You'll learn about Guisseppe Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuelle, Otto von . The operas are based on an ancient German myth, and Wagner hoped that the retelling of this myth in modern operatic form would foster a spirit of German nationalism. [111], Additional studies of different groups in Wilhelmine Germany have all contributed to a new view of the period. Scribner, Robert W. and Sheilagh C. Ogilvie. [94], Napoleon III had tried to secure territorial concessions from both sides before and after the Austro-Prussian War, but despite his role as mediator during the peace negotiations, he ended up with nothing. Wilhelm refused to give such an encompassing statement, and he sent Bismarck a dispatch by telegram describing the French demands. That is a short German unification summary, but the process was complex, and you can learn more about it by looking at the German unification timeline and detailed account of the wars of . This AP European History crash course on the Italian Unification will be a good asset for you on the new AP Euro exam. Chapter 19 AP Euro DRAFT. The decrees were the subject of Johann Joseph von Grres's pamphlet Teutschland [archaic: Deutschland] und die Revolution (Germany and the Revolution) (1820), in which he concluded that it was both impossible and undesirable to repress the free utterance of public opinion by reactionary measures. A broad investigation into the problem of creating a German national identity outside of Prussia. At a meeting in Biarritz in September 1865 with Napoleon III, Bismarck had let it be understood (or Napoleon had thought he understood) that France might annex parts of Belgium and Luxembourg in exchange for its neutrality in the war. Kaplan, in particular, pp. The "Witch. With its wording shortened and sharpened by Bismarckand further alterations made in the course of its translation by the French agency Havasthe Ems Dispatch raised an angry furor in France. Once he arrived, however, he ordered his troops immediately into the fray. The first lesson was that, through force of arms, a powerful state could challenge the old alliances and spheres of influence established in 1815. In these states, German life has its positive and negative polesin the former, all the interests [that] are national and reformative, in the latter, all that are dynastic and destructive. Several states were promoted to kingdoms such as the Kingdom of Bavaria, the Kingdom of Saxony or the Kingdom of Hanover. Although many Catholics sympathized with conservative politics, Bismarck viewed Roman Catholicism, with its purported loyalty to a Roman pontiff, as a potential weakness to the German state. He instead created a seating plan by which all seats faced the stage directly. The states ranged in size from the small and complex territories of the princely Hohenlohe family branches to sizable, well-defined territories such as the Electorate of Bavaria, the Margraviate of Brandenburg or the Kingdom of Bohemia. The German unification was also brought together by the Franco-Prussian war. He then hoped that Austria would join in a war of revenge and that its former alliesparticularly the southern German states of Baden, Wrttemberg, and Bavariawould join in the cause. Sheehan, pp. AP European History Mr. Trinkner Boulder High School DBQ: German Unification Question: Weigh the relative importance of German nationalism and Prussian political aspirations in the unification of Germany. Garibaldi, supported by his legion of Red Shirts-- mostly young Italian democrats who . By 1846, 180 steamers plied German rivers and Lake Constance, and a network of canals extended from the Danube, the Weser, and the Elbe rivers. Second, the unification of Italy provided Prussia an ally against Austria in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. Unification was achieved by building on a tradition of legal collaboration under the Holy Roman Empire and economic collaboration through the Zollverein. a. the german reichstag forced otto von bismarck to resign as chancellor. Victoria and Albert Museum, Dept. Corporate author : International Scientific Committee for the drafting of a General History of Africa Person as author : Ki-Zerbo, Joseph [editor] Those balance of power manoeuvers were epitomized by the War of the Bavarian Succession, or "Potato War" among common folk. ", Kocka, Jrgen and Mitchell, Allan. He opposed the antisemitic programs of Bismarck's Kulturkampf and the vitriolic text that Treitschke often employed in the publication of his Studien ber die Judenfrage (Studies of the Jewish Question), which encouraged assimilation and Germanization of Jews. 10th grade. [71] Regardless of motivation, by manipulating events of 1866 and 1870, Bismarck demonstrated the political and diplomatic skill that had caused Wilhelm to turn to him in 1862. In the first half of the 1860s, Austria and Prussia both contended to speak for the German states; both maintained they could support German interests abroad and protect German interests at home. Historians debate whether Otto von BismarckMinister President of Prussiahad a master plan to expand the North German Confederation of 1866 to include the remaining independent German states into a single entity or simply to expand the power of the Kingdom of Prussia. Music scholars have also argued that the sustained E-flat not only represents the depths of Rhine River, but because Wagner was a Social Darwinist, the note represents creation itself; the music "evolves" from one simple note, and therefore Wagner's intention was that Germany itself, in spite of its newness, was an organic entity, existing in spirit, long before it was created politically. Hitler often called on the German public to sacrifice all for the cause of their great nation, but his regime did not create German nationalism: it merely capitalized on an intrinsic cultural value of German society that still remains prevalent even to this day. German politicians also targeted Jews as disloyal outsiders, although most of Germany's Jewish population voted for mainstream liberal or conservative politicians preferring assimilation into the political system rather than organizing into a separate political party. For more on this idea, see, for example, Joseph R. Llobera, and Goldsmiths' College. Finally, as Prussian military capacity far exceeded that of Austria, Prussia was clearly the only state within the Confederation (or among the German states generally) capable of protecting all of them from potential interference or aggression. The Sonderweg hypothesis attributed their power to the absence of a revolutionary breakthrough by the middle classes, or by peasants in combination with the urban workers, in 1848 and again in 1871. The Prussian army invested Paris and held it under siege until mid-January, with the city being "ineffectually bombarded". Western Civilization, since 1300. The Ring Cycle operas, perhaps his greatest works, were composed and first staged in 1876, shortly after Germany unified. Their pressure resulted in a variety of elections, based on different voting qualifications, such as the Prussian three-class franchise, which granted to some electoral groupschiefly the wealthier, landed onesgreater representative power. Travelers, both foreign and local, complained bitterly about the state of the Heerstraen, the military roads previously maintained for the ease of moving troops. Consequently, a German nation united under one banner presented significant questions. Thus, by 1836, all states to the south of Prussia had joined the Customs Union, except Austria. His Kulturkampf, or "struggle for civilization," was an attack on the power of the Catholic Church in Germany. The process symbolically concluded with the ceremonial proclamation of the German Empire i.e. Summary. What did they stand for? It realized the Kleindeutsche Lsung ("Lesser German Solution", with the exclusion of Austria) as opposed to a Grodeutsche Lsung or "Greater German Solution", which would have included Austria. The movement to unite Italy into one cultural and political entity was known as the Risorgimento (literally, "resurgence"). [86], The end of Austrian dominance of the German states shifted Austria's attention to the Balkans. Grand speeches, flags, exuberant students, and picnic lunches did not translate into a new political, bureaucratic, or administrative apparatus. We will look into differences and similarities between German and Italian unification and come to the conclusion. While many spoke about the need for a constitution, no such document appeared from the discussions. Historians have long debated Bismarck's role in the events leading up to the war. Although the Prussian army had been dramatically defeated in the 1806 Battle of Jena-Auerstedt, it had made a spectacular comeback at Waterloo. [30] States more distant from the coast joined the Customs Union earlier. [118], By the years of unification, German Jews played an important role in the intellectual underpinnings of the German professional, intellectual, and social life. Bismarck's response to the Lower House was his famous "iron and blood" speech. [11], Generally, an enlarged Prussia and the 38 other states consolidated from the mediatized territories of 1803 were confederated within the Austrian Empire's sphere of influence. Yet, as Germans discovered, grand speeches, flags, and enthusiastic crowds, a constitution, a political reorganization, and the provision of an imperial superstructure; and the revised Customs Union of 186768, still did not make a nation. The Long Nineteenth Century: A History of Germany, 1780-1918. Although the Austrians were far more successful in the military field against Italian troops, the monarchy lost the important province of Venetia. Bismarck was also confronted with problems from religious minorities in Germany, especially from Catholics and Jews. The needle gun, one of the first bolt action rifles to be used in conflict, aided the Prussians in both this war and the Austro-Prussian War two years later. The Peace of Prague sealed the dissolution of the German Confederation. This opportunity arose with the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. Which individual is associated with the phrase blood and iron as related to the unification of Germany? Finally, the Polish majority living in the share of Polish territory annexed by Prussia pursued their own liberation agenda. The difficulties of the Vormrz, the impact of the 1848 liberals, the importance of von Roon's military reorganization, and von Moltke's strategic brilliance all played a part in political unification. "The role of historical memory in (ethno)nation-building.". During the ill-fated Revolutions of 1848, nationalists in Germany and Italy tried unsuccessfully to unify their nations on the basis of shared language and culture. Dahlmann himself died before unification, but he laid the groundwork for the nationalist histories to come through his histories of the English and French revolutions, by casting these revolutions as fundamental to the construction of a nation, and Dahlmann himself viewed Prussia as the logical agent of unification. . [50], More recent scholarship has rejected this idea, claiming that Germany did not have an actual "distinctive path" any more than any other nation, a historiographic idea known as exceptionalism. web dbq the unification of germany and italy answer all questions on looseleaf will be graded as a test introduction the 19th century was one of constant political turmoil napoleon conquered lands and united them into an empire The AP European History course and exam are undergoing a redesign for the 2015-2016 school year. [21], At the Wartburg Festival in 1817 the first real movements among the students were formed - fraternities and student organizations emerged. 9 months ago. William, crowned King Wilhelm I in 1861, appointed Otto von Bismarck to the position of Minister-President of Prussia in 1862. It would rally to its cause all those who are suffering wrong or who aspire to a better life and all those who are now enduring foreign oppression." German reunification (German: Deutsche Wiedervereinigung) was the process of re-establishing Germany as a single sovereign state, which took place between 2 May 1989 and 15 March 1991. Today we'll look at how Italy and Germany pulled it together in the second half of the 1800s. A series of wars in the 1860s, culminating in the Prussian defeat of France in 1871 resulted in the German unification of 1871 under Prussian leadership. The French defeat at the Battle of Sedan and annexation of Alsace-Lorraine brought Bavaria into the German Confederation, and William I became the first monarch of the German Empire. Why did Wagner's cultural/mythical nationalism yield to Bismarck's policy of Realpolitik? [108], The 1866 North German Constitution became (with some semantic adjustments) the 1871 Constitution of the German Empire. Save Paper; Otto Von Bismarck - His Policies Of German Unification. [17] In this context, one can detect its roots in the experience of Germans in the Napoleonic period. [34], As important as these improvements were, they could not compete with the impact of the railway. Plus, it's packed with the women's World Cup [74], The second episode in Bismarck's unification efforts occurred in 1866. We need a nation courageous enough to give us a lead in this direction. The Revolution of 1848 brought some liberal reforms to Prussia, such as the ability of the parliament to obstruct certain forms of taxation. You Germans, with your grave and philosophic character, might well be the ones who could win the confidence of others and guarantee the future stability of the international community. So, we haven't talked much about Italy and Germany so far in Crash Course Euro, and that's because prior to the mid-19th century, those two nation-states weren't really a thing. Let us hope that in the center of Europe you can then make a unified nation out of your fifty millions. [57], Unification under these conditions raised a basic diplomatic problem. Most European liberals in the Vormrz sought unification under nationalist principles, promoted the transition to capitalism, sought the expansion of male suffrage, among other issues. This is considered the basis for Bismarck's policy of Realpolitik. In the refrain, "Dear fatherland, dear fatherland, put your mind to rest / The watch stands true on the Rhine", and in such other patriotic poetry as Nicholaus Becker's "Das Rheinlied" ("The Rhine"), Germans were called upon to defend their territorial homeland. A complete overview of the AP European History exam. The Prussian landed elites, the Junkers, retained a substantial share of political power in the unified state. These annexations did not happen, resulting in animosity from Napoleon towards Bismarck. At Hambach, the positions of the many speakers illustrated their disparate agendas. Water transportation also improved. The Brothers Grimm, who compiled a massive dictionary known as The Grimm, also assembled a compendium of folk tales and fables, which highlighted the story-telling parallels between different regions.

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